Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

Degradation of indomethacin in river water under stress and non-stress laboratory conditions: degradation products, long-term evolution and adsorption to sediment

The pharmaceutical compound indomethacin is not totally removed in wastewater treatment plants,whose effluents flow into aquatic environments;concentrations in the 0.1-100 ng/L range are commonly found in surface waters,and its fate is unknown.Here,biological,photochemical and thermal degradation assays were conducted under stress and non-stress conditions to estimate its degradation rate in river water and establish its degradation products over time.The results revealed that direct sunlight irradiation promoted the complete degradation of indomethacin(2 μg/L) in less than 6 hr,but indomethacin was detected over a period of 4 months when water was kept under the natural day-night cycle and the exposure to sunlight was partially limited,as occurs inside a body of water.The biological degradation in water was negligible,while the hydrolysis at pH 7.8 was slow.Residues were monitored by ultra-pressure liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry after solid-phase extraction,and six degradation products were found;their structures were proposed based on the molecular formulae and fragmentation observed in high-resolution tandem mass spectra.4-Chlorobenzoic and 2-acetamido-5-methoxybenzoic acids were the long-term transformation products,persisting for at least 30 weeks in water kept under non-stress conditions.Furthermore,the degradation in the presence of sediment was also monitored over time,with some differences being noted.The adsorption coefficients of indomethacin and degradation products on river sediment were calculated;long-term degradation products did not have significant adsorption to sediment.     

西江上游有色金属产业集聚区河流沉积物重金属空间分布特征与来源解析

为研究西江上游有色金属产业聚集区对河流沉积物环境的影响,在西江上游的刁江、龙江、融江和柳江四条河流选取12个采样点,分析测定了10种重金属元素（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Ni、Tl、Sb和Hg）在沉积物中的含量,采用相关分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和Pb同位素示踪技术剖析沉积物中重金属的分布特征与污染来源.结果表明:① 污染物含量方面,沉积物中w（As）、w（Pb）、w（Cd）、w（Ni）、w（Zn）、w（Cu）、w（Tl）、w（Hg）、w（Sb）、w（Cr）平均值分别为95.42、113.09、4.92、28.03、416.51、27.07、0.75、0.31、34.02、57.58 mg/kg,w（As）、w（Sb）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）和w（Cd）的变化较大,分异显著,受外来源影响较大.② 空间上,内梅罗指数结果显示,刁江沉积物中重金属污染程度最高,龙江次之,融江和柳江较低.③ 污染物来源方面,As、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Sb具有同源性,与西江上游有色金属聚集区矿产开发有关,Ni、Tl、Hg和Cr具有同源性,与地质背景自然源因子有关;沉积物样品206Pb/207Pb变化范围为1.08~1.19,4条河流沉积物Pb同位素比值与大厂、车河矿石同位素比值接近程度依次为刁江、龙江、融江、柳江.Pb同位素示踪分析结果进一步验证了刁江和龙江沉积物中重金属主要受有色金属采选冶矿业活动影响,融江、柳江沉积物中重金属主要由地质背景自然源因子所致.      

南京市秋季细颗粒物及臭氧生成敏感性初探

为考察江苏省南部地区重点排放源对南京市秋季细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的贡献率及O_3生成敏感性,采用强力法针对特定排放源及污染物设置不同的排放情景,利用化学传输模拟系统Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality(CMAQ)分析模拟区域内不同情景下地表PM_(2.5)及O_3浓度变化。2012年10月,电厂、钢铁和水泥的污染物排放对南京市PM_(2.5)浓度的平均贡献率分别为6.0%、25.5%和15.9%,对国控站点的贡献率分别为7.2%、17.7%和16.2%。钢铁对下风向区域的地表PM_(2.5)浓度的影响显著高于电厂及水泥部门的排放。从不同情境下模拟O_3地表浓度变化结果看出,南京市城区及下风向区域的O_3浓度随VOC排放削减降低,随NO_x排放削减升高,因而判定南京市秋季O_3生成属于VOC控制区。     

通风及营养元素对多环芳烃污染土壤修复影响

文章在无外源接种体的条件下,评估了强制通风(通风量为1.51 L/min)与营养元素对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的交互作用。结果表明:仅靠合适的营养液配方和长时间通风可以刺激污染土壤中的土著微生物生长,并影响微生物菌群的形成。通风同时添加营养液有利于好氧菌生长、加快PAHs的降解;与通风相比,添加营养元素是影响PAHs降解的主要因素。通风和添加营养元素对3环PAHs降解影响不显著,但可促进4环、5环和6环PAHs污染物降解。60 d内,仅通风、仅添加营养元素、同时通风和添加营养元素处理的PAHs分别降解了52%、59%、67%。     

垃圾填埋场区域氨氮污染地下水的修复方案比选

早期建设的简易生活垃圾填埋场的防渗措施不足,易发生渗漏,造成填埋场周围地下水的氨氮浓度升高。文章针对华中地区某垃圾填埋场区域氨氮污染地下水,提出抽取处理加异位生物修复、空气注入加原位生物修复两种修复方案,并采用AHP-TOPSIS(层次分析法-逼近理想排序)方法进行方案的比选。在建立合适的比选指标体系基础上,采用AHP-TOPSIS方法进行综合比选研究。结果表明,空气注入+原位生物修复技术更适合于该区域地下水的修复。TOPSIS方法由于缺乏确定评价指标权重的过程,在层次多元分析中的应用受到限制,而AHP是多层次多因素权重确定的有效工具,将二者结合起来,先由AHP确定指标权重,再运用TOPSIS对备选地下水修复方案进行排序,从而弥补了二者各自的不足。AHP-TOPSIS方法可作为环境工作者进行场地修复方案比选的有效工具。     

1990~2015年间贵州省植被生态环境质量变化特征

通过长时间序列较空间高分辨率植被生态环境质量变化分析,厘清贵州省1990~2015年植被生态环境质量宏观动态变化特征,为区域植被恢复和生态环境建设提供决策依据。以Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI和ASTER GDEM为数据源,提取植被盖度、土壤指数、湿度指数和坡度指标,应用综合指数评价模型得到贵州省3期植被生态环境质量专题图,划分植被生态环境质量等级和优劣度。结果表明:25年间,全省植被生态环境质量以"优""良"为主,"中"减少20.18%,"优"增加16.27%,植被生态环境质量总体好转;全省植被生态环境质量呈东南部优于中西部的空间格局;1990、2000和2015各州市的植被生态环境质量"优""良"加总最高值和最低值之差分别为37.1%、21.13%和12.21%,植被生态环境质量空间差异逐期减小。至2015年,六盘水市、毕节市、遵义市和黔西南州植被生态环境质量改善明显,安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州处于全省相对较差水平。未来应加强黔西南和黔中地区植被生态环境治理,尤其要注重对安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州的治理。     

南京市、苏州市及南通市城区道路扬尘排放特性研究

在江苏南京、苏州和南通三个城市中选取10个采样点,以采集的扬尘样品为研究对象,分析了灼烧减量和扬尘组分.结果表明:南京、南通与苏州元素占比排列基本一致,排列前几位的为Si、Ca、Fe、Al;扬尘化学组分在不同地区有较大差别,南通和苏州扬尘的有机挥发性物质含量较高,城市扬尘主要来源于土壤沙尘的微小颗粒物;同一城市不同用地类型采样点也呈现出一定的规律性,施工区域的SiO2含量最高,商业区和住宅区Al比其他区域高.     

便携式气相色谱/质谱联用快速测定固定污染源废气中的挥发性卤代烃研究

建立了便携式GC-MS快速测定固定污染源废气中挥发性卤代烃方法,26种卤代烃内标定量工作曲线的相关系数r≥0.985,线性关系良好;精密度好,相对标准偏差2.33%～18.1%;准确度高,加标回收率为101%～134%;方法检出限为0.002 ppm～0.016 ppm.在实际现场监测固定污染源中挥发性卤代烃时,使用便携式GC-MS的速查(Survey)功能初步判断样品浓度,确定稀释倍数,并验证了气袋和玻璃注射器采样对挥发性卤代烃测定结果无显著性差异.     

纳氏试剂比色法测定污水中氨氮的优化研究

纳氏试剂比色法测定污水中氨氮,其蒸馏预处理过程存在耗时长、馏出液接收不便和操作繁琐等问题.文章对预处理及测定方法进行了优化,提出将水样蒸馏体积减少为50 mL,后期比色体积减少为25 mL,并去除硼酸吸收液,改为直接接收馏出液.经验证,其结果与国标方法无显著性差异,标样验证相对误差为-0.8%~0.9%,实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.9%~4.4%,加标回收率为94%~107%.优化的方法测量数据稳定,结果准确,在测定污水中氨氮具有实际应用意义.