间歇浸取对废物水泥窑共处置产品中Cr和As释放的影响

研究间歇浸取条件下废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属Cr、As的释放,对水泥产品在实际应用中的环境安全性评价有重要意义.通过模拟煅烧实验制取含Cr和As的水泥熟料,并制取混凝土样品,采用pH影响实验和扩散浸出实验,研究了混凝土中Cr和As的溶解特性及其间歇浸取对混凝土中Cr和As释放的影响.结果表明,浸取方式对浸取液pH有较...     

Simazine biodegradation and community structures of ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in bioaugmented soil: impact of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen sources

The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen sources on simazine biodegradation by Arthrobacter sp. strain SD1 and the community structures of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) in non-agricultural soil. Soil microcosms with different treatments were constructed for herbicide biodegradation test. The relative abundance of the strain SD1 and the structures of AOA and AOB communities were assessed using quantitative PCR (q-PCR) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP), respectively. The co-existence of two inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonia and nitrate) had certain impact on simazine dissipation by the strain SD1. Bioaugmentation could induce a shift in the community structures of both AOA and AOB, but AOA were more responsive. Nitrogen application had significant impacts on AOA and AOB communities in bioaugmented soils. Moreover, in non-bioaugmented soil, the community structure of AOA, instead of AOB, could be quickly recovered after herbicide application. This study could add some new insights towards the impacts of nitrogen sources on s-triazine bioremediation and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms in soil ecosystem.     

氢氧化镁对水中As（Ⅲ）的吸附作用

以氢氧化镁为吸附材料,通过单因素实验分别考察了氢氧化镁投加量、pH、温度、吸附时间对吸附效果的影响。研究了氢氧化镁对As（Ⅲ）的吸附热力学和动力学特性,并对作用机理进行了探讨。结果表明：在砷初始浓度为0.5～100 mg/L之间,温度为25℃,pH为3,氢氧化镁投加量为0.5～4 g,吸附时间为1 h的条件下,氢氧化镁...     

城市规划区内集体土地房屋拆迁制度研究

由于国家层面统一立法的缺失,我国各地城市规划区内集体土地房屋拆迁制度,如房屋拆迁是否涉及土地征收、房屋拆迁许可的条件及实施、拆迁法律关系的内容及争议的解决等方面存在较大差异,并且在是否适用、如何适用国务院《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》方面也不相同。这种状况一方面体现了各地方不同经济社会发展水平的要求,说明城市规划区内集体土地房屋拆迁与国有土地房屋拆迁存在区别,具有一定的合理性;另一方面对这种差异若不给予必要的规控和调整,也有可能对我国的法制统一造成负面影响。因此,通过对地方立法文本的比较与分析,将有助于各地方在制度完善中相互取长补短,进而为该领域的统一立法奠定坚实基础。依照国务院修改《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》的基本思路,城市规划区内集体土地房屋拆迁立法应当尽可能地全国统一立法,并做到先补偿再征收、先征收再拆迁,并强化拆迁许可证的管理。     

Winter Soil Respiration from Different Vegetation Patches in the Yellow River Delta, China

Vegetation type and density exhibited a considerable patchy distribution at very local scales in the Yellow River Delta, due to the spatial variation of soil salinity and water scarcity. We proposed that soil respiration is affected by the spatial variations in vegetation type and soil chemical properties and tested this hypothesis in three different vegetation patches (Phragmites australis, Suaeda heteroptera and bare soil) in winter (from November 2010 to April 2011). At diurnal scale, soil respiration all displayed single-peak curves and asymmetric patterns in the three vegetation patches; At seasonal scale, soil respiration all declined steadily until February, and then increased to a peak in next April. But, the magnitude of soil respiration showed significant differences among the three sites. Mean soil respiration rates in winter were 0.60, 0.45 and 0.17 μmol CO(2) m(-2) s(-1) for the Phragmites australis, Suaeda heteroptera and bare soil, respectively. The combined effect of soil temperature and soil moisture accounted for 58-68 % of the seasonal variation of winter soil respiration. The mean soil respiration revealed positive and linear correlations with total N, total N and SOC storages at 0-20 cm depth, and plant biomass among the three sites. We conclude that the patchy distribution of plant biomass and soil chemical properties (total C, total N and SOC) may affect decomposition rate of soil organic matter in winter, thereby leading to spatial variations in soil respiration.     

Soil CO2 fluxes from direct seeding rice fields under two tillage practices in central China

Agricultural practices affect the production and emission of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from paddy soils. It is crucial to understand the effects of tillage and N fertilization on soil CO₂ flux and its influencing factors for a better comprehension of carbon dynamics in subtropical paddy ecosystems. A 2-yr field study was conducted to assess the effects of tillage (conventional tillage [CT] and no-tillage [NT]) and N fertilization (0 and 210 kg N ha^?1) on soil CO₂ fluxes during the 2008 and 2009 rice growing seasons in central China. Treatments were established following a split-plot design of a randomized complete block with tillage practices as the main plot and N fertilizer level as the split-plot treatment. The soil CO₂ fluxes were measured 24 times in 2008 and 17 times in 2009. N fertilization did not affect soil CO₂ emissions while tillage affected soil CO₂ emissions, where NT had similar soil CO₂ emissions to CT in 2008, but in 2009, NT significantly increased soil CO₂ emissions. Cumulative CO₂ emissions were 2079–2245 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from NT treatments, and 2084–2141 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from CT treatments in 2008, and were 1257–1401 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from NT treatments, and 1003–1034 kg CO₂–C ha^?1 from CT treatments in 2009, respectively. Cumulative CO₂ emissions were significantly related to aboveground biomass and soil organic C. Before drainage of paddy fields, soil CO₂ fluxes were significantly related to soil temperature with correlation coefficients (R) of 0.67–0.87 in 2008 and 0.69–0.85 in 2009; moreover, the Q₁₀ values ranged from 1.28 to 1.55 and from 2.10 to 5.21 in 2009, respectively. Our results suggested that NT rice production system appeared to be ineffective in decreasing carbon emission, which suggested that CO₂ emissions from integrated rice-based system should be taken into account to assess effects of tillage.     

臭氧氧化法处理焦化废水生化出水的反应动力学简

对臭氧氧化去除焦化废水生化出水COD的反应动力学及其影响因素进行了实验研究，结果表明，在臭氧投加量为8.50 mg/min，反应温度为20℃和初始pH为10.61条件下，对COD的降解符合表观一级反应动力学模型，其相关系数R²=0.9991，表观反应速率常数k_Abs=1.01×10^-3 s^-1。该条件下，臭氧氧化对COD的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的强氧化作用。在不同的臭氧投加量（4.25~12.75 mg/min）、不同的反应温度（10~40℃）和不同的初始pH（3.76~12.53）下，COD的降解也同样遵循一级反应动力学规律。随着臭氧投加量的增大，COD降解的表观反应速率常数从（0.554×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.06×10^-3） s^-1；随着反应温度的升高，表观反应速率常数从（0.427×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.40×10^-3） s^-1，温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小；在初始pH3.76~10.61范围内，表观反应速率常数从（0.218×10^-3） s^-1增加到（1.01×10^-3） s^-1，在初始pH为12.53时表观反应速率常数下降到（0.857×10^-3） s^-1。     

小型燃油锅炉NOx的排放特征与管理控制

以68台燃油锅炉（≤10～MW）NOx排放实测数据为基础，通过统计分析方法，研究了NOx的排放特征；通过对比分析，探讨了我国燃油锅炉NOx排放控制与管理现状，讨论了进一步加强我国燃油锅炉NOx排放管理控制的可能性与可行性，并提出了相应的管理控制建议。结果表明，NOx平均排放浓度为318．2mg／m^3，基于燃料消耗量的平均排放因子为4．4kg／t，基于燃料发热量的平均排放因子为102．8ng／J，基于燃料氮含量的平均排放因子为2．1mg／mg；建议采取分阶段控制的方式，逐步提高NOx排放限制，从而实现控源减排目标。     

日本城市污水再生利用方面的经验分析

日本开展污水再生利用工作已经有30年的历史,经过多年的积累,在综合管理、技术开发应用等方面取得了一定的成果.对日本在再生水政策标准、生产模式、处理技术和技术经济性、安全输配和水质安全性等方面的概况进行了汇总分析,并对缺水地区--福冈、东京都和横滨的再生水生产利用实例进行了介绍,以期对我国城市污水再生利用具有一定的借鉴.     

进水水质成分改变引发的污泥粘性膨胀及控制

在研究强化SBR工艺除污性能时，由于可溶性淀粉投加导致进水水质成分发生改变，污泥沉降性能在短时间内迅速恶化，污泥出现大量的粘液。镜检发现，大量指状菌胶团异常增殖且丝状菌的数量也逐渐减少。实验结果表明，系统膨胀属于污泥粘性膨胀。停止可溶性淀粉和提高主反应池的DO浓度，污泥粘性膨胀并未得到恢复，但污泥粘液逐渐消失。粘液消失后，通过模拟前期进水水质成分和缩短泥龄，污泥粘性膨胀得以控制，污泥沉降性能在短时间内恢复。实验还研究了污泥粘性膨胀对污染物去除性能的影响。