欧盟空气质量监测现状及加强我国空气质量监测体系建设的建议

从欧盟空气质量监测政策和监测网络建设现状两个方面描述了欧盟空气质量监测发展现状。分析了我国空气污染现状和空气质量监测体系中存在的问题,并借鉴欧盟的经验,提出了加大政策支持和财政保障力度、逐步健全空气质量监测网络体系、加强空气质量监测技术研究、完善空气质量监测数据库、开展能力建设、提高公众参与度等加强我国空气质量监测体系建设的建议。     

One-Component Spray Polyurethane Foam from Liquefied Pinewood Polyols: Pursuing Eco-Friendly Materials

The use of petroleum-derived products should be avoided regarding the principles of green and sustainable chemistry. The work reported herein, is aimed at the liquefaction of pine shavings for the production of an environmentally-friendly polyol suitable to be used in the formulations of sprayable polyurethane foams. The biopolyols were obtained in high yield and were used to replace those derived from fossil sources, to produce more “greener” polyurethane foams and therefore, less dependent on petroleum sources, since the polyol component was substituted by products resulting from biomass liquefaction. The partial and fully exchange of the polyols was accomplished, and the results compared with a reference foam. The foams were afterward, chemical, physical, morphological, and mechanically characterized. The complete replacement of polyether polyol and polyol polyester has presented some similar characteristics as that used as a reference, validating that the path chosen for the development of more sustainable materials is on the right track for the contribution to a cleaner world.     

广州轨道交通三号线高速行驶条件下对安全限界的影响研究

给出了轨道交通车辆横向偏移量的计算方法 ,并应用列车 -线路动力耦合模型 ,分析了广州地铁三号线的安全限界变化问题。确定了当前按 80km/h行车速度设计的建筑限界能满足 13 0km/h行车速度的要求 ,限界尺寸不需改动可保证列车运行安全平稳     

大型水利水电工程实施占用耕地补偿制度的思考

本文在分析长江三峡工程用地特点的基础上。对大型水利水电工程实施耕地补偿制度中的问题和困难进行调查研究，认为应从新的视角来认识大型水利水电工程的耕地占补平衡问题。进而探索耕地补偿制度实施的新途径和新方式。应在耕地总量动态平衡政策适当调整的基础上．将“以地补地”和“缴费补地”的方式相结合。既通过土地整理．在提商土地质量的前提下增加耕地的有效面积：又要落实耕地开垦费．扶持库区的土地整理。从而使库区的耕地占补制度顺利实施。     

Metabolic response under different salinity and temperature conditions for glass eel Anguilla japonica

Diadromous fish often enter freshwater directly from seawater via fish ladders or channels built in estuarine dams. The oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of glass eel, Anguilla japonica, were determined using an automatic intermittent flow respirometer under various salinity and temperature regimes to physiologically explain this direct movement. The endogenous rhythm of the OCR in wild glass eels, freshly collected from estuaries, was nearly synchronous with the tidal pattern at the estuarine collection site. When the salinity was changed from 20 psu (12°C) at a constant temperature to that of freshwater, the OCR of the glass eels decreased by 21.6±7.0% (mean ± SD) (P<0.05), showing a dampened rhythm for about 48 h. After this period of impediment, the glass eels resumed normal metabolic activity. Direct migration from seawater to freshwater under constant temperature would result in a severe physiological stress for these glass eels for about two days. When the glass eels were exposed to a cyclic change in water temperature of 2°C 26 h⁻¹, as they encounter in estuaries, and then were introduced to freshwater abruptly, the OCR rhythm corresponded to the cyclic changes in water temperature after exposure to freshwater. Under these conditions, the mean OCR of the glass eels had a small difference before and after exposure to freshwater. These data explained how glass eels can directly move from sea water into the freshwater without any apparent metabolic stress in the estuaries showing cyclic change in water temperature (Δt=2°C).     

潮土细菌及真菌群落对化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆的响应

为了研究化肥减量配施有机肥和秸秆对华北麦玉轮作田潮土细菌和真菌群落的影响,在天津市宁河区试验基地开展田间定位施肥试验,采用Illumina高通量测序技术比较了5种施肥模式（单施化肥处理,F;化肥减施处理,FR;化肥减量与秸秆配施处理,FRS;化肥减量与有机肥配施处理,FRO;化肥减量与有机肥和秸秆配施处理,FROS）下土壤细菌及真菌群落的组成、多样性和结构差异,并结合土壤理化性质分析,探究不同施肥处理下驱动细菌和真菌群落变化的关键土壤环境因子.结果表明,FRO处理显著提高了土壤SOM含量.FROS处理的TP含量显著高于FRS处理,增加了13.33%.FRO和FROS处理AP含量较其它处理显著增加,NH₄⁺-N含量显著高于化肥处理（F和FR）.各施肥处理土壤中优势细菌门类均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）,优势真菌门类均为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）.在化肥减量配施有机肥（FRO）的基础上添加秸秆（FROS）显著降低了放线菌门（Actinobacteria）的相对丰度.FRS和FROS处理均显著降低了芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）的相对丰度.FROS处理显著提高了浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）的相对丰度.对于真菌群落而言,有机肥（FRO和FROS）的施入显著提高了子囊菌门（Ascomycota）的相对丰度.与FR处理相比,FROS处理显著降低了被孢菌门（Mortierellomycota）和油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度,且FRS处理同样显著降低了油壶菌门（Olpidiomycota）的相对丰度.FROS处理的细菌群落Shannon多样性指数显著高于F和FR处理,分别增加了1.26%和1.25%,Chao1指数较F处理显著增加了4.51%,细菌Shannon多样性指数与AP和NH₄⁺-N含量显著正相关（P<0.05）.与FR处理相比,FRS、FRO和FROS处理显著降低了真菌群落Shannon多样性指数,分别达到29.85%、24.94%和25.73%,真菌Shannon多样性指数与AP含量显著负相关（P<0.05）.细菌群落结构在FROS处理下显著区别于F、FR和FRO处理,土壤SM、TP、pH和AP是导致细菌群落结构变化的主要驱动因子;真菌群落结构在FRO和FROS处理下显著区别于F和FR处理,真菌群落结构变化主要受土壤TN、AP和TP的驱动.综上所述,添加有机肥和秸秆改变了土壤理化性质,进而改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落组成,土壤真菌对有机物料的敏感程度高于细菌,细菌和真菌群落结构均受到土壤P的调控,在潮土农业耕作中应引起充分重视.     

华北区域点冬季二次有机气溶胶特征与影响因素

为探明二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的污染特征和影响因素,本研究于2018年11月—2019年1月对华北区域点(德州市郊区点)细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的化学组成进行了在线测量,并分析了PM_(2.5)中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性离子组分的污染特征及PM_(2.5)与气象要素之间的相关性.结果表明,观测期间德州PM_(2.5)污染严重,平均质量浓度为(115.6±24.6)μg·m~(-3);其中,有机碳和元素碳是PM_(2.5)的主要成分,平均质量浓度分别为(8.2±5.8)μg·m~(-3)和(2.6±2.2)μg·m~(-3),占PM_(2.5)总质量的7.1%和2.2%;PM_(2.5)与风速呈负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关,与气温的相关性较差,偏北风对PM_(2.5)浓度影响较大.同时,本研究利用EC示踪OC/EC比值法对PM_(2.5)中的二次有机碳(SOC)进行了估算,通过估算得到的SOC结果表明,华北区域点冬季SOC是OC的重要组成部分,平均浓度为(4.0±2.9)μg·m~(-3),占OC的45.7%,SOC在白天占比较高(62.7%),早晚由于有局地生物质燃烧影响,SOC占比降低,约占OC的42.7%.本研究还分析了SOC生成的影响因素,分析了德州市冬季O_3、含水量、酸度与SOC的相关性.结果表明,SOC受臭氧浓度影响,但在白天和夜晚表现出不同的相关关系,可能存在不同的生成机制.最后,利用ISORROPIA模型估算了颗粒物的含水量和酸度,发现SOC在高含水量和低含水量下存在不同的关系,高含水量更能促进SOC生成;在高含水量下SOC与H~+具有显著相关性,但在低含水量下则不相关,表明颗粒物含水量较高、H~+浓度较高情况下液相酸催化反应可能对SOC具有重要贡献.     

地下水波动带中细菌群落结构与水质响应关系

为揭示地下水波动带中细菌群落结构特征及其与地下水环境相互作用关系,选取哈尔滨市第一水源地作为研究区,采集地下水样品以及波动带不同深度（0~5m非饱和带和6~50m饱和带）含水介质样品,分别用于水化学分析和16S rRNA细菌高通量测序,依托冗余分析定量表述地下水质参数与细菌群落相关性.水化学分析结果显示,研究区地下水主要污染物为Fe、Mn、NH₄⁺和有机质,Fe、Mn超标与研究区特定地质背景有关,NH₄⁺和有机质主要来源于人类活动.微生物分析结果显示,非饱和带和饱和带的细菌群落结构差异性显著,非饱和带细菌群落丰度和多样性显著高于饱和带,Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Actinobacteria、Firmicutes和Acidobacteria为研究区优势门,在非饱和带和饱和带的累积相对丰度分别为82.89%和98.64%.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,门水平上非饱和带中与水质演化强相关的细菌类群是Bacteroidetes、Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、Verrucomicrobia,贡献率分别为15%、14.8%、8.9%和5.2%;饱和带中对地下水质演化起主要作用的类群为Bacteroidetes、Acidobacteria、Actinobacteria和Firmicutes,贡献率分别为38.4%、19.0%、10.8%和9.1%.属水平上非饱和带中的Pseudomonas和饱和带中的Flavobacterium对Fe、Mn、NH₄⁺生物转化起主导作用.本研究为揭示地下水波动带中生物地球化学作用对地下水环境的影响提供了科学依据,对地下水污染修复具有重要的意义.     

Performance of different macrophytes in the decontamination of and electricity generation from swine wastewater via an integrated constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell process

Plants constitute a major element of constructed wetlands(CWs).In this study,a coupled system comprising an integrated vertical flow CW(IVCW) and a microbial fuel cell(MFC) for swine wastewater tre atment was developed to research the effects of macrophytes commonly employed in CWs,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica,on decontamination and electricity production in the system.Because of the different root types and amounts of oxygen released by the roots,the rates of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N) removal from the swine wastewater differed as well.In the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,the COD removal rates were 80.20%,88.07%,84.70%,and 82.20%,respectively,and the NH_4~+-N removal rates were 49.96%,75.02%,70.25%,and 68.47%,respectively.The decontamination capability of the Canna indica system was better than those of the other systems.The average output voltages were 520±42,715±20,660±27,and 752±26 mV for the unplanted,Canna indica,Acorus calamus,and Ipomoea aquatica systems,respectively,and the maximum power densities were 0.2230,0.4136,0.3614,and0.4964 W/m~3,respectively.Ipomoea aquatica had the largest effect on bioelectricity generation promotion.In addition,electrochemically active bacteria,Geobacter and Desulfuromonas,were detected in the anodic biofilm by high-throughput sequencing analysis,and Comamonas(Proteobacteria),which is widely found in MFCs,was also detected in the anodic biofilm.These results confirmed the important role of plants in IVCW-MFCs.     

达里诺尔湖水体DOM荧光特征及其来源解析

达里诺尔湖（简称“达里湖”）是内蒙古自治区高原地区重要的生态屏障,探究达里湖水质状况及污染来源,对加强流域水环境治理、改善水环境质量具有十分重要的意义.于2018年9月及2019年6月对湖水进行采样,并通过三维荧光光谱结合PARAFAC（平行因子分析）模型,探究达里湖水体DOM（溶解性有机质）来源及其与水质的关系.结果表明:①达里湖水体中pH较高,ρ（DOC）（DOC为溶解性有机碳）、ρ（NH₄+-N）、ρ（TP）相对较高,均超过GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅴ类水质标准限值.②水体中DOM含4种荧光组分.夏季水体DOM主要分布于河流入湖口附近,其中,类腐殖质荧光组分（紫外区类富里酸和可见区类富里酸）占总组分的62.93%,类蛋白类荧光组分（类色氨酸和类酪氨酸）占总组分的36.07%;秋季水体DOM主要分布于东南侧,其中,类腐殖质荧光组分占总组分的40.52%,类蛋白类荧光组分占总组分的59.48%.③达里湖采样点荧光参数表明,达里湖DOM自生源特征较强,腐殖化程度较低.类腐殖质荧光组分与ρ（DOC）、ρ（Chla）均呈正相关,类色氨酸荧光组分与pH呈正相关,类络氨酸与ρ（DTN）、ρ（NH4+-N）、ρ（DTP）均呈正相关.研究显示,达里湖DOM具有陆源与生物源双重特性,DOM的形成与微生物、细菌、浮游生物的生命活动密切相关.