Impacts of soil organic matter, pH and exogenous copper on sorption behavior of norfloxacin in three soils

Norfloxacin (Nor) sorption and the factors (soil organic matter (SOM), pH, and exogenous copper (Cu) influencing the sorption were investigated in a black soil (soil B), a fluvo-aquic soil (soil F), and a red soil (soil R). With increasing of Nor concentrations, sorption amount of norfloxacin increased in both the bulk soils and their SOM-removed soils, but the sorption capacity in SOM-removed soils was higher than that of their corresponding bulk soils, indicating that the process of norfloxacin sorption in soil was influenced by the soil properties including SOM. The sorption data in all bulk soils and SOM-removed soils were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models. The correlation coefficients suggested that the experimental data fitted better to Freundlich equation than to Langmuir equation. Furthermore, the data from soil F and SOM-removed F could not be described by Langmuir equation. The norfloxacin sorption amount decreased in soil B and soil F, whereas it increased in soil R as solution pH increased. The maximum KD and KOC were achieved in soil R when the equilibrium solution pH was 6. And the norfloxacin sorption was also influenced by the exogenous Cu2+ ions, which depended on the soil types and Cu2+ concentrations. With increasing of Cu2+ concentrations in solution, generally, sorption amount, KD and KOC for norfloxacin in soils increased and were up to a peak at 100 mg/L Cu2+, and then the sorption amount decreased regardless of norfloxacin levels.     

废水中铜的纳米金共振散射光谱分析

在HAc-NaAc介质中,二价铜被抗坏血酸还原成亚铜离子,并与新铜试剂生成黄色的络合物,该络合物对纳米金在580nm处的共振散射光有较强的吸收,导致其共振散射强度降低,其共振散射强度降低值ΔI与铜的浓度成线性关系,据此建立一种测定痕量铜的共振散射光谱分析方法。在选定条件下,铜含量在0.02～2.54μg/mL范围内与ΔI值呈良好的线性关系,其回归方程为ΔI580nm=87.2C+2.2,相关系数R为0.9983,检出限为0.001μg/mL,用于废水中铜的测定,结果满意。     

pH对Cd~(2+)离子在δ-MnO_2上的吸附与解吸的影响

研究了pH值对δ-MnO2对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附作用的影响,当pH<2.3时,吸附率仅为20%,pH>5时Cd2+的吸附率在96%以上;吸附过程为非特性吸附,可以用Elovich方程和双速率方程来描述。吸附后δ-MnO2在pH<2.05时可以有效的解吸,解吸率约为75%。     

几种农业有机废弃物沼气发酵工艺条件优化研究

以农业有机废弃物鲜猪粪、干稻草、青草、南瓜叶以及菜叶为原料,沼气产量和甲烷产量为指标,采用4因素3水平的正交实验设计方法对沼气发酵工艺参数优化配置进行了实验研究。结果表明反应器内原料碳氮比、原料固体浓度、反应环境温度以及投加微量元素对沼气发酵均有不同程度的影响,其中反应环境温度对沼气产量的影响显著。最优工艺条件为原料碳氮比25:1、固体浓度8%、温度35℃、投加微量元素Co。     

贝叶斯规整化BPNN定量流域非点源污染负荷研究

将贝叶斯规整化BP神经网络(BRBPNN)应用于渭河流域非点源污染、社会和经济之间相互作用的研究。采用相关系数法确定输入变量为"降雨"、"种植地"、"草地"、"人口密度"和"羊密度",输出变量为总氮负荷。结果表明用BRBPNN定量非点源污染负荷是可行的,综合选择最优网络模型结构为BRBPNN(3c-7-1),其训练集和预测集相关系数分别为1.0000和0.9780,对应的均方误差分别为88.32和3.21×102。采用权值理论分析各输入因子对网络的贡献,依次为"降雨">"羊密度">"种植地"。该研究可为流域非点源污染的治理提供依据。     

隧道掘进爆破载荷作用下埋地管道的振动峰值速度预测研究*

为研究隧道掘进爆破过程中地震效应对邻近埋地管道安全性的影响,建立平行于隧道的埋地管道数值模型,将管道视为薄壳圆柱体,定义管道在动载荷作用下的塑性破坏准则,并利用无量纲分析法构建管道表面质点的振动速度关于振动频率与爆破持续时间的数学模型,从而研究埋地管道受震特性。结果表明:隧道掘进爆破作业下成洞侧的管道应力峰值低于非成洞侧的管道应力峰值,爆炸载荷下邻近埋地管道表面最大振动速度位于爆源与管道表面最近点处,在该点两侧45度范围内为管道易受损位置。将预测公式计算所得振速峰值与数值模型提取的振速峰值进行比较,得出二者的平均误差约为17.7 %。     

Control factors of partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) technology has potential technical superiority and economical efficiency for the nitrogen removal from landfill leachate, which contains high-strength ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N) and refractory organics. To complete the ANAMMOX process, a preceding partial nitritation step to produce the appropriate ratio of nitrite/ammonium is a key stage. The objective of this study was to determine the optimal conditions to acquire constant partial nitritation for landfill leachate treatment, and a bench scale fixed bed bio-film reactor was used in this study to investigate the effects of the running factors on the partial nitritation. The results showed that both the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and the ammonium volumetric loading rate (Nv) had effects on the partial nitritation. In the controlling conditions with a temperature of 30±1℃, Nv of 0.2-1.0 kg NH4 -N/(m3d), and DO concentration of 0.8-2.3 mg/L, the steady partial nitritation was achieved as follows: more than 94% partial nitritation efficiency (nitrite as the main product), 60%-74% NH4 -N removal efficiency, and NO2--N/NH4 -N ratio (concentration ratio) of 1.0-1.4 in the effluent. The impact of temperature was related to iVv at certain DO concentration, and the temperature range of 25-30癈 was suitable for treating high strength ammonium leachate. Ammonium-oxidizing bacteria could be acclimated to higher FA (free ammonium) in the range of 122-224 mg/L. According to the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis result of the bio-film in the reactor, there were 25 kinds of 16S rRNA gene fragments, which indicated that abundant microbial communities existed in the bio-film, although high concentrations of ammonium and FA may inhibit the growth of the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria and other microorganisms in the reactor.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

Distribution patterns of octylphenol and nonylphenol in the aquatic system at Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong

Spatial and temporal distribution of octylphenol （OP） and nonylphenol （NP） in Mai Po Marshes, a subtropical estuarine wetland in Hong Kong, were investigated. Surface water samples were collected every month from 11 sites during the period of September- December 2004. Concentrations of OP and NP ranged from 11.3 to 348 ng/L and from 29 to 2591 ng/L, respectively. The high levels of NP and OP were found in November and December than in September and October. The levels of OP and NP have no significant spatial differences except September. Total organic matter in the sediments appeared to be an important factor in controlling the fate of these compounds in the aquatic environment.     

Nitrogen interception in floodwater of rice field in Taihu region of China

A field experiment located in Taihu Lake Basin of China was conducted,by application of urea or a mixture of urea with manure, to elucidate the interception of nitrogen(N)export in a typical rice field through"zero-drainage water management"combined with sound irrigation,rainfall forecasting and field drying,N concentrations in floodwater rapidly declined before the first event of field drying after three split fertilizations,and subsequently tended to retum to the background level.Before the first field drying,total particulate nitrogen(TPN)was the predominant N form in floodwater of plots with no N input,dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)on plots that received urea only,and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)on plots treated with the mixture of urea and manure.Thereafter TPN became the major form.No N export was found from the rice field,but total nitrogen(TN)of 15.8 kg/hm~2 was remained,mainly due to soil N sorption.The results recommended the zero-drainage water management for full-scale areas for minimizing N export.