全球化变革下的中国对外自然资源流动及其关键研究问题

应对全球化变革及其不确定性,认识中国对外自然资源流动的特征与问题,是保障国家资源安全的基础,对实现高质量、可持续发展有重要意义。对应国际劳动分工从产业间贸易、产业内贸易到全球价值链的不同阶段,理解中国对外自然资源流动有不同的理论视角。现有研究主要关注自然资源以原始形态和制成品中的隐含形态在国家之间的流动,讨论了中国对外自然资源流动在供给与需求、利用强度与效率、资源禀赋与流向,以及全局与局部影响之间的矛盾。未来研究仍面临理论和现实的挑战。在理论方面,适应全球价值链分工发展,引入全球生产网络理论探讨企业间互动关系如何塑造自然资源流动路径,能更好地适应中国从“引进来”向“走出去”的转变,以及当下自然资源综合治理的研究需求。在现实方面,应对日益增强的不确定性,亟需深化对自然资源流动网络韧性,以及“双循环”互促关系的认识。     

基于二次铝灰的地聚反应稳固化垃圾飞灰

基于工业生产铝过程中回收的二次铝灰（SAD）的地质聚合反应,提出了一种稳固化城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰（MSWIFA）的新方法,分析硅铝物质的量之比对飞灰中重金属浸出浓度及地聚物固化体力学性能的影响规律.结果表明,当硅铝物质的量之比小于2.5时,二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体与偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中的重金属浸出浓度均随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而逐渐降低,2种固化体的抗压强度随着硅铝物质的量之比的增加而增加;硅铝物质的量之比达到2.5时,重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度均趋于稳定.XRD分析结果显示,偏高岭土-SiO₂基固化体中聚合物的种类与数量均略高于二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体.但从重金属的浸出浓度与固化体的抗压强度来看,2类固化体对飞灰中重金属的稳固化效果的差别很小,二次铝灰加上部分硅基材料可以作为偏高岭土的替代品,用于稳固化飞灰重金属的地质聚合反应中.二次铝灰-SiO₂基固化体的抗压强度达到13.65MPa,具备一定的力学性能,可用于部分特定的建筑材料.     

17α-乙炔基雌二醇在微塑料上的吸附和解吸行为

以内分泌干扰物17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）作为目标污染物,系统研究了5种微塑料聚酰胺（PA）、聚乙烯（PE）、聚氨酯（TPU）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）和聚苯乙烯（PS）对EE2的吸附动力学、吸附等温线及解吸作用.微塑料对EE2的吸附动力学和吸附等温线的结果表明,5种微塑料对EE2的吸附能力为PA>TPU>PE>PVC>PS;5种微塑料中TPU和PA具有最大的吸附能力和吸附容量,主要归因于氢键产生的化学吸附;而PE、PS、PVC主要是依靠范德华力的相互作用.因PA和TPU对EE2的吸附能力更强,两者的解吸量均高于其他3种物质.采用解吸率来反映不同微塑料的解吸性能,发现EE2在PS中的解吸率最高,PA和TPU上解吸率相对较低.采用单因素重复测量方差分析统计学方法对EE2在5种微塑料上的解吸特性进行分析,EE2在PS与其他4种微塑料之间表现为显著性差异,其余微塑料两两之间无显著性差异;尽管肠胃液中解吸率高于去离子水,但两者并无显著性差异.     

多点汇流下污水管网污染物迁变规律及其机制

为研究城市污水管网多点汇流条件下污染物的迁变规律及其对微生物繁衍的影响机制,建立一套多汇流点位的污水管道中试系统,探究污水输送过程中碳,氮,硫3类主要污染物质的迁移转化特性.结果表明,汇流点前溶解态化学需氧量（SCOD）和硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）浓度下降,氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）浓度上升,支管汇流使得汇流点3类污染物浓度显著增加.后期水质达到稳定,在保证支管污水的汇入导致各类污染物增加量基本不变的情况下,SCOD浓度由进口的320mg/L左右下降至出口的280mg/L左右,在氨化作用下导致的NH₄⁺-N总增加量在15mg/L左右,高于因汇流产生的增加总量12.5mg/L左右,结果表明汇流管网系统中微生物的消耗代谢作用是碳氮类污染物变化的主导因素,而SO₄^2-后期进出口浓度均在20mg/L左右,说明支管汇流和生化代谢使SO₄^2-的含量维持在动态平衡的状态.此外,对管网中试系统生物相中微生物繁衍过程进行分析可知,发酵菌（FB）,产氢产乙酸菌（HPA）,硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）的含量随繁衍时间显著增加,并在沿程的不同汇流点处出现丰度升高现象.综上所述,在多点汇流导致污水水质波动的作用下,促进了管网生物相中微生物的繁衍增殖,并增强了其代谢作用在污水管网污染物转化的主导地位,使得污染物在管网输送过程中呈现更为显著的转化现象.     

基于提高乙醇产率的常压室温等离子体微藻诱变育种

以普通小球藻FACHB-25为研究对象,利用常压室温等离子体在不同功率条件下对其诱变处理,在功率100W、120W条件下筛选出3株优势藻株,依次编号为S100-7、S120-4、S120-9.其中S120-9藻株培养末期生物量增加明显且多糖产量是原始藻株产量的1.34倍,达到237.98mg/L;S120-4碳水化合物含量占比为37.55%,较原始藻株提高了43.48%.对比了各藻株在光合性能、细胞组分以及细胞形态等方面差异.通过同步糖化发酵（SSF）,碳水化合物含量最高的S120-4藻株乙醇产量达到1.58g/10g藻,但其生物量积累受到限制.考虑生物量积累情况,推算出S120-9藻株单位体积藻液乙醇产量最高达到0.1033g/L.     

新冠期间河北省典型钢铁企业大气污染影响

基于国家气象局气象预报数据,建立了基于AERMOD的钢铁企业污染预报模型,模拟了新冠疫情管控期（2020年2~3月）及解封后期（2020年4~10月）河北省某钢铁企业对大气污染的影响,并结合空气质量实测数据进行模型验证.结果显示,不利风向条件下,该钢铁厂大气污染物排放对当地3个国控站点SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的平均浓度贡献占比,在疫情管控期分别为20.19%~33.81%,17.49%~23.46%和2.02%~2.69%,在解封后期分别为13.43%~21.01%,11.09%~20.92%和1.20%~2.22%.由于疫情管控期受其他人为源干扰较少,该钢铁厂SO₂、NO_x和PM₁₀的预报值和三个国控站点实际监测值的相关系数,在新冠疫情管控期（在单个站点中,最高分别为0.43、0.48和0.29）高于解封后期（最高分别为0.42、0.39和0.07）.     

BPA和EE2在PA微塑料上竞争吸附的位点能量

为研究微塑料上雌激素共存的吸附行为,以17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）和双酚A （BPA）为目标污染物,微塑料聚酰胺（PA）为吸附剂,通过等温吸附实验研究二者在单溶质和双溶质体系下的吸附性能,基于位点能量分布理论进一步剖析二者在PA微塑料上的的吸附特性.同时,采用X射线光谱（XPS）以及傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对吸附前后的PA微塑料进行表征,探究其可能存在的吸附机理.等温吸附拟合结果及XPS、FTIR的表征结果表明BPA和EE2及二者混合溶液在PA上的吸附属于非均质吸附,疏水分配及氢键作用为主要的吸附机制.位点能量分布分析结果表明,相同浓度（1～4mg/L）条件下,BPA吸附位点主要分布于高能量区;单溶质体系的EE2吸附位点主要集中于低能量区.双溶质体系下,相同浓度的两种物质位点分布函数均随着位点能量的增大而呈指数降低,BPA下降趋势较为平缓,吸附位点分布更集中.两种体系相比较,BPA平均位点能量和位点能量非均质性分别增加了0.749%和2.483%,吸附位点数量减少了10.852%;双溶质体系下EE2平均位点能量降低0.813%,位点能量非均质性增加1.870%,吸附位点数量增加42.429%.双酚A和EE2在PA微塑料上的竞争吸附中,EE2占优势.     

Spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and meteorological influences over typical urban agglomerations in China during the COVID-19 lockdown

To investigate the air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic, we analyzed spatiotemporal variations of six criteria pollutants in nine typical urban agglomerations in China using ground-based data and examined meteorological influences through correlation analysis and backward trajectory analysis under different responses. Concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂ and CO in urban agglomerations respectively decreased by 18%–45% (30%–62%), 17%–53% (22%–39%), 47%-64% (14%–41%), 9%–34% (0%–53%) and 16%-52% (23%–56%) during Lockdown (Post-lockdown) period relative to Pre-lockdown period. PM_2.5 pollution events occurred during Lockdown in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebe (BTH) and Middle and South Liaoning (MSL), and daily O₃ concentration rose to grade Ⅱ standard in Post-lockdown period. Distinct from the nationwide slump of NO₂ during Lockdown period, a rebound (～40%) in Post-lockdown period was observed in Cheng-Yu (CY), Yangtze River Middle-Reach (YRMR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD). With slightly higher wind speed compared with 2019, the reduction of PM_2.5 (51%–62%) in Post-lockdown period is more than 2019 (15%–46%) in HC (Harbin-Changchun), MSL, BTH, CP (Central Plain) and SP (Shandong-Peninsula), suggesting lockdown measures are effective to PM_2.5 alleviation. Although O₃ concentrations generally increased during the lockdown, its increment rate declined compared with 2019 under similar sunlight duration and temperature. Additionally, unlike HC, MSL and BTH, which suffered from additional (> 30%) air masses from surrounding areas after the lockdown, the polluted air masses reaching YRD and PRD mostly originated from the long-distance transport, highlighting the importance of joint regional governance.     

A large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber for studying atmospheric photochemical processes: Characterization and preliminary application

Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary air pollution is very important for the formulation of air pollution control countermeasures in China. Thus, a large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber was constructed at Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (the CRAES Chamber), which was designed for simulating the atmospheric photochemical processes under the conditions close to the real atmospheric environment. The chamber consisted of a 56-m³ fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film reactor, an electrically-driven stainless steel alloy shield, an auxiliary system, and multiple detection instrumentations. By performing a series of characterization experiments, we obtained basic parameters of the CRAES chamber, such as the mixing ability, the background reactivity, and the wall loss rates of gaseous compounds (propene, NO, NO₂, ozone) and aerosols (ammonium sulfate). Oxidation experiments were also performed to study the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including α-pinene ozonolysis, propene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation. Temperature and seed effects on the vapor wall loss and SOA yields were obtained in this work: higher temperature and the presence of seed could reduce the vapor wall loss; SOA yield was found to depend inversely on temperature, and the presence of seed could increase SOA yield. The seed was suggested to be used in the chamber to reduce the interaction between the gas phase and chamber walls. The results above showed that the CRAES chamber was reliable and could meet the demands for investigating tropospheric chemistry.     

Application of FeIII-TAML/H2O2 system for treatment of fluoroquinolone antibiotics

Over the recent past, fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) have raised extensive attention due to their potential to induce the formation of resistance genes and “superbugs”, thus various advanced oxidation techniques have been developed to eliminate their release into the environment. In the present study, the prototype tetraamido macrocyclic ligand (Fe^III-TAML)/hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) system is employed to degrade FQs (i.e., norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) over a wide pH range (i.e., pH 6-10), and the reaction rate increases with the increase in pH level. The effect of dosage of Fe^III-TAML and H₂O₂ on the degradation of FQs is evaluated, and the reaction rate is linearly correlated with the added amount of chemicals. Moreover, the impact of natural organic matters (NOM) on the removal of FQs is investigated, and the degradation kinetics show that both NOM type and experimental concentration exhibit negligible influence on the oxidative degradation of selected antibiotics. Based on the results of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations, the reaction sites and pathways of FQs by Fe^III-TAML/H₂O₂ system are further predicted and elucidated.