关于城市应急供水系统建设的思考

从城市应急供水系统建设的紧迫性和重要性出发,分析了目前我国城市应急供水系统存在的问题和造成城市非常供水的原因。构建了城市应急供水系统的框架,将其分成工程措施和非工程措施两部分,并阐述了工程措施的类型和实施方法,以及非工程措施的各项应急机制,对建立、健全城市应急供水系统进行了探讨。     

首都大学生的自然灾害认知调查与减灾教育建议

2006年国际减灾日的主题是"减灾始于学校",了解学生的灾害认知水平有助于减灾教育工作的有效开展。以北京5所高校的大学生为调查对象,通过问卷方式调查大学生对自然灾害的关注程度、防灾意识、灾害理论知识、应急行为知识以及对减灾教育的看法。问卷统计结果表明:大学生总体的灾害认知水平较低,现行减灾教育方式和内容与学生的期望有较大偏差。在此基础上,提出了减灾教育内容要将学生"该知道的"与"想知道的"相结合,通过演练演习等方式提高学生的防灾应急实际技能等减灾教育建议。     

"燃烧假人"测试方法中燃烧系统设计研究

“燃烧假人”测试方法中火场环境生成是对服装整体阻燃性能进行定量评估的前提，而燃烧系统设计是实现具有可重复性、一致性、均匀性等特点火场环境的关键。本文对燃烧系统的需求进行了分析，对其构成及设计思路进行了研究，提出了一种解决方案。     

Fe/Cu体-CAST工艺处理草甘膦废水的研究及改造方案

农药草甘膦废水具有TP浓度高、难降解COD浓度高等特点,比较难于处理.采用Fe/Cu体-CAST工艺对目前工艺厌氧放磷池废水进行了研究.结果表明,系统对COD,难降解COD,TP和PO4-3的去除率分别高达88.4%,70.4%,83.3%和96.6%.利用Fe/Cu体微曝气强化CAST工艺对草甘膦原有废水处理工艺进行改造,固定成本投资较低,每吨废水增加的日常运行费用为0.11元.     

用于评价水污染的生物指数

对各国学者所建立的应用较广泛的生物指数作了综述 ,通过分析各种生物指数的优点与缺陷 ,指出了目前建立生物指数方法上的不足 ,并提出了建立生物指数应该采用的更合理的方法。     

石墨烯是促进还是抑制嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌生长?

尽管石墨烯以其独特的光学、电学、力学特性在各大领域都具有广阔的应用前景,但其工业化使用后在环境当中的行为,特别是遗留下的石墨烯对生态系统的毒性研究则鲜见报道.因此,本文以嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)为目标微生物,探讨不同浓度(1、10、50 mg·L-1)石墨烯对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的毒性效应.结果表明,石墨烯对Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans的生长有明显抑制作用,且抑制作用随着石墨烯浓度的降低而增强.在石墨烯投加量为1 mg·L-1时,培养48 h后菌株的生长量OD420达到最大值0.045,低于空白组的0.163;并且其可溶性蛋白含量也达到最大值1.546 mg·L-1,低于空白组的3.789 mg·L-1.不同浓度石墨烯对体系p H和ORP均存在不同程度的影响,低浓度下的石墨烯影响最为显著.此外,通过扫描电镜(SEM)和荧光显微镜分析,进一步证实Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans能在高浓度的石墨烯上生长,而低浓度的石墨烯则会对细胞膜造成损伤,它极其尖锐的边缘是细菌失活的有效机制.因此,石墨烯的毒性具有剂量效应,这一结果可为石墨烯合理利用及评价其生态毒性提供理论依据.     

我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价

针对我国生物质气化发电行业的现状,总结诸多风险的影响因素,建立了我国生物质气化发电行业综合风险评价体系。该评价体系主要包括5个一级风险影响因素:市场风险、技术风险、安全风险、管理风险、环境风险,每个一级影响因素包括4个二级风险影响因素。由层次分析法获得各个一级影响因素和二级影响因素的权重值,根据所构建的评价集和评分标准,结合模糊综合评价法对我国生物质气化发电行业现状的综合风险等级做定量定性分析。综合风险评价研究结果表明,生物质气化发电行业处于"较高"的风险等级,与实际情况相符。综合风险评价体系的构建合理,所建立的评价方法以及相应对策分析可为决策者提供参考依据。     

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs (phthalate esters) were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration (sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase) was 4748.24 ng/m³, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m³. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the Σ6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges (<2.5, 2.5-5, 5-10, >10 μm), the result indicated that PAEs in PM_2.5 were the most abundant, with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM_2.5 correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs (R² = 0.85). Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM_2.5 can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.     

Microcystis aeruginosa/Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes interaction effects on off-flavors in algae/bacteria co-culture system under different temperatures

We conducted an experiment to study the interaction effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on off-flavors in an algae/bacteria co-culture system at three temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to measure off-flavor compounds dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin (GEO) and β-cyclocitral. During the lag phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (first 15 days), P. pseudoalcaligenes significantly increased the production of DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral at all three temperatures. In the exponential phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (after 15 days), M. aeruginosa became the main factor on off-flavors in the co-culture system, and β-cyclocitral turned to the highest off-flavor compound. These results also indicated that DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral were the main off-flavor compounds in our M. aeruginosa/P. pseudoalcaligenes co-culture system. Univariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes on the production of off-flavors. The results demonstrated that both M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes could increase the production of DMS and DMTS, while β-cyclocitral was mainly determined by M. aeruginosa. Our results also provide some insights into understanding the relationship between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.