Hormetic response of cholinesterase from Daphnia magna in chronic exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos

In vivo activity of cholinesterase (ChE) in Daphnia magna was measured at di erent time points during 21-day exposure to triazophos and chlorpyrifos ranging from 0.05 to 2.50 g/L and 0.01 to 2.00 g/L, respectively. For exposure to triazophos, ChE was induced up to 176.5% at 1.5 g/L and day 10 when measured by acetylthiocholine (ATCh), whereas it was induced up to 174.2% at 0.5 g/L and day 10 when measured by butyrylthiocholine (BTCh). For exposure to chlorpyrifos, ChE was induced up to 134.0% and 160.5% when measured by ATCh and BTCh, respectively, with both maximal inductions detected at 0.1 g/L and day 8. Obvious induction in terms of ChE activity was also detected in daphnia removed from exposures 24 hr after their birth and kept in a recovery culture for 21 days. Results indicated that the enzyme displayed symptoms of hormesis, a characteristic featured by conversion from low-dose stimulation to high-dose inhibition. In spite of that, no promotion in terms of reproduction rate and body size was detected at any tested concentrations regardless of whether the daphnia were collected at end of the 21-day exposure or at end of a 21-day recovery culture. This suggested that induction of ChE caused by anticholinesterases had nothing to do with the prosperity of the daphnia population.     

A biological safety evaluation on reclaimed water reused as scenic water using a bioassay battery

An assessment method based on three toxicity tests (algae growth inhibition, daphnia immobilization and larval fish toxicity) was used to screen the biological safety of reclaimed water which was reused as sole replenishment for scenic water system in a park (SOF Park) in northern China. A total of 24 water samples were collected from six sites of water system in the SOF Park in four different seasons. The results indicated that: (1) the reclaimed water directly discharged from a reclamation treatment plant near the SOF Park as influent of park had relatively low biological safety (all samples were ranked as C or D); (2) the biological safety of reclaimed water was improved greatly with the ecological reclamation treatment processes composing of artificial wetland system and followed oxidation pond system; (3) the biological safety of reclaimed water in the main lake of SOF Park kept at a health status during different seasons (all samples were ranked as A); (4) there was some certain correlation (R² = 0.5737) between the sum of toxicity scores and dissolved organic carbon for the studied water samples. It was concluded that the assessment method was reliable to screen the safety of reclaimed water reused as scenic water, and the reclaimed water with further ecological purification processes such as artificial wetland and oxidation pond system can be safely reused as scenic water in park.     

舟曲＂8.7＂泥石流的特征及其防治措施初探

2010年8月7日晚,舟曲县城发生特大泥石流灾害,导致了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失.文章从地质构造、地形地貌、新构造运动与地震、气象和水系水文条件等五方面阐述了舟曲县自然环境整体背景,并分析了此次＂8.7＂泥石流形成的地形、物源和水源条件,总结了＂8.7＂泥石流的特征.在此基础上,为舟曲灾后重建提出了工程措施与生态措施相结合的防治建议.     

Bee-hawking by the wasp, <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Vespa velutina</Emphasis>, on the honeybees <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Apis cerana</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">A</Emphasis>. <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">mellifera</Emphasis>

The vespine wasps, Vespa velutina, specialise in hawking honeybee foragers returning to their nests. We studied their behaviour in China using native Apis cerana and introduced A. mellifera colonies. When the wasps are hawking, A. cerana recruits threefold more guard bees to stave off predation than A. mellifera. The former also utilises wing shimmering as a visual pattern disruption mechanism, which is not shown by A. mellifera. A. cerana foragers halve the time of normal flight needed to dart into the nest entrance, while A. mellifera actually slows down in sashaying flight manoeuvres. V. velutina preferentially hawks A. mellifera foragers when both A. mellifera and A. cerana occur in the same apiary. The pace of wasp-hawking was highest in mid-summer but the frequency of hawking wasps was three times higher at A. mellifera colonies than at the A. cerana colonies. The wasps were taking A. mellifera foragers at a frequency eightfold greater than A. cerana foragers. The final hawking success rates of the wasps were about three times higher for A. mellifera foragers than for A. cerana. The relative success of native A. cerana over European A. mellifera in thwarting predation by the wasp V. velutina is interpreted as the result of co-evolution between the Asian wasp and honeybee, respectively.     

上海市机动车环保检测机构管理模式构建及对策探讨

针对上海市机动车排放污染日趋严重的特点,以及提高机动车环保检测能力的迫切需求,以大量基础调研的基础为依据,客观剖析现阶段上海市机动车环保检测机构管理中存在的问题,提出构建分布合理、满足需求的标准化、规范化机动车环保检测体系的管理模式,从强化环检机构日常监管、优化检测资源、促进良性竞争、建设信息网络体系多个方面探讨管理对策,以保证环检机构的检测工作更加规范化和透明化,使检测数据更加具有公正性和权威性。     

惠州市农业土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量的分布特征

用气相色谱法(GC-FID)对地处珠三角地区的惠州市49个农业土壤样品中的16种PAEs化合物进行了测定。结果表明,PAEs的检出率高达100%,其中土壤中PAEs含量范围为183.48～2 037.56 ug/kg,平均600.42 ug/kg,以DnBP、BEHP和DEHP等为主。在3种主要利用类型土壤中,∑PAEs含量高低排序为菜地水田果园。与美国土壤PAEs控制标准相比,惠州土壤中的DnBP、DMP和DEP含量超标,其中DnBP的超标率达85.71%。总体上惠州市农业土壤已受到一定程度的PAEs污染,但同其它地区相比处于较低水平。     

某工业园牛仔服装洗水废水集中处理工程实例

广东佛山市某工业园内污水处理厂采用混凝/生物接触氧化工艺对牛仔服装洗水废水进行集中处理,进水水量30 000 m3/d,水质ρ(COD)=411 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)=147 mg/L、ρ(SS)=313 mg/L、色度为239倍、pH=7～9,出水相应指标分别为ρ(COD)=53 mg/L、ρ(BOD5)=16 mg/L、ρ(SS)=32 mg/L、色度为8倍、pH为7.5,达到广东省地方标准DB 44/26—2001《水污染物排放限制》第二时段中的一级标准。此工艺具有工程投资少、运行稳定、处理效果好、成本低等优点。     

稻田养鱼的生态防灾机制与效益分析—以湖南为例

以湖南为例从分散蓄水与扩容蓄水、即时蓄水与重复蓄水、分级截流与设阻截流等角度,分析了稻田养鱼的生态防灾机制,得出湖南宜鱼稻田87.0万hm^2,以蓄水30cm计算可蓄存107.9亿m^3。通过重复蓄水、设阻蓄水,接纳多次降雨洪水,调节水分时空分布,创造减灾避灾的人工生态防灾系统,形成多物种共生共存的农田湿地生态系统,提高农田生态经济效益。     

建筑施工扬尘特征与监控指标

建筑施工活动引起的扬尘是我国城市空气颗粒物污染的重要来源,选择天津市一处典型的建筑施工工地作为研究对象,分施工阶段对环境空气PM10、尘源样品和降尘等进行了系统监测实验,得到了建筑扬尘的成分谱(元素、离子和碳组分)和尘源样品的粒径分布.结果表明,建筑施工扬尘的污染特点和化学组成特征与具体施工阶段、施工操作和建筑材料等密切相关.通过采集工地周边的降尘,发现利用降尘可以作为工地扬尘的监控指标.     

Zn2+和Mn2+处理水钠锰矿后对Pb2+吸附量的影响

分别采用Zn2+和Mn2+处理锰平均氧化度较高的水钠锰矿,对比研究了经不同浓度的Zn2+和Mn2+处理后矿物的锰平均氧化度、d110面网间距、对Pb2+的最大吸附量以及吸附过程中Zn2+和Mn2+的最大释放量等的变化.同时,通过Zn2+和Mn2+与水钠锰矿表面反应行为的不同,进一步明确矿物结构中的八面体空穴数量与重金属吸附量的关系.研究结果表明,水钠锰矿经Zn2+和Mn2+分别处理后,矿物类型未改变,并具有相似的晶体形貌.Zn2+溶液处理水钠锰矿时,随着Zn2+浓度的增大,水钠锰矿的锰平均氧化度和d110面网间距不变,说明结构中空穴数量未改变,Zn2+通过占据部分吸附点位,导致其对Pb2+的最大吸附量从3190 mmol·kg-1减少为2030 mmol·kg-1.而Mn2+溶液处理水钠锰矿时,大多数Mn2+被氧化为Mn3+,这些Mn3+部分位于八面体空穴上下方的吸附位点,部分进入八面体空穴中.随着加入的Mn2+浓度增大,Mn2+被氧化为Mn3+而进入八面体空穴的数量增多,锰平均氧化度减小,d110面网间距从0.14160 nm增大至0.14196 nm,说明结构中空穴数量减少,对Pb2+的最大吸附量从3190 mmol·kg-1减少至1332 mmol·kg-1.对比研究结果表明,水钠锰矿结构中的八面体空穴数量对Pb2+的吸附量的大小起着非常重要的作用.