Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体分解CO_2

温室效应导致全球变暖已成为全球性的环境问题之一.采用放电等离子体法转化CO2,不仅可消纳温室气体,缓解全球变暖的巨大影响,还可制备化工原料CO和O2.充分利用了C1(含1个碳原子的化合物分子)资源,对高频同轴式介质阻挡放电等离子体分解纯CO2进行了研究.结果发现:在采用不锈钢光滑内电极,放电间隙为2.0mm,注入功率为180W,气体流量为170mL/min的条件下,CO2转化率可达18.2%,CO和O2产率分别为10.1%和4.7%;增大注入功率,减小气体流量、选择合适的放电间隙和内电极形式,均有利于提高CO2转化率,获得更多的CO和O2.     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x) Co_x O_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8) Ce_(0.2) Cu_(1-x) Co_x O_(4-δ) (x:0–0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ with oxygen vacancies and T -structured Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 1-x Co x O 4-δ (x: 0–0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-programmed desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 1-x Co x O 4-δ ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level, the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 1-x Co x O 4-δ increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO 3.702 catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr -1 , and 600–900°C, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO 3.702 NdSrCu 0.8 Co 0.2 O 3.736 NdSrCu 0.6 Co 0.4 O 3.789 Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 0.6 Co 0.4 O 4.187 Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 Cu 0.8 Co 0.2 O 4.104 Sm 1.8 Ce 0.2 CuO 4.045 , in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu 3+ /Cu 2+ redox ability of NdSrCu 1-x Co x O 4-δ account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

European scale application of atmospheric reactive nitrogen measurements in a low-cost approach to infer dry deposition fluxes

A European scale network was established in 2006 as part of the NitroEurope Integrated Project to infer reactive nitrogen (Nr) dry deposition fluxes, based on low-cost sampling of gaseous and aerosol species and inferential modelling. The network provides monthly measurements of NH₃, NH₄⁺, HNO₃ and NO₃⁻, as well as SO₂, SO₄²⁻, HCl, Cl⁻ and base cations at 58 sites. Measurements are made with an established low-cost denuder methodology (DELTA) as a basis to: (1) examine temporal trends and spatial patterns across Europe, (2) improve and calibrate inferential modelling techniques to estimate exchange of Nr species, (3) provide best estimates of atmospheric dry N deposition, and (4) permit an analysis of net GHG exchange in relation to atmospheric and agricultural N inputs at the European scale. Responsibility for measurements is shared among seven European laboratories. An inter-comparison of the DELTA implementation by 6 laboratories at 4 test sites (Montelibretti, Italy; Braunschweig, Germany; Paterna, Spain and Auchencorth, UK) from July to October 2006 provided training for the laboratories and showed that good agreement was achieved in different climatic conditions (87% of laboratory site-means within 20% of the inter-laboratory median). Results obtained from the first year of measurements show substantial spatial variability in atmospheric Nr concentrations, illustrating the major local (NH₃) and regional (HNO₃, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺) differences in Nr concentrations. These results provide the basis to develop future estimates of site-based Nr dry deposition fluxes across Europe, and highlight the role of NH₃, largely of agricultural origin, which was the largest single constituent and will dominate dry Nr fluxes at most sites.     

提高海水中硫化物测定回收率的探讨

通过对测定海水中硫化物的分析方法进行改进和优化处理,解决了一直困扰海水中硫化物测定的回收率偏低和相对标准偏差较大的问题,经过反复实验,硫化物的回收率可提高到90%以上,相对标准偏差为2.6%.     

基于批式呼吸计量法的溶解性COD组分划分

利用批式好氧呼吸计量法结合溶解性慢速水解COD(S_H)水解动力学拟合提出了溶解性COD(SCOD)的组分划分方案.上海2个污水处理厂进水的SCOD组分划分结果表明,A厂沉砂池出水(典型生活污水)的SCOD中含有43.5%～58.6% S_H、 21.8%～35.2%易生物降解COD(S_S)和15.4%～30.9%溶解性惰性COD(S_I); B厂沉砂池出水(长距离输送的合流制污水)SCOD中含有34.5%～45.2% S_H、 29.3%～37.7% S_S和25.6%～31.2% S_I. 9组不同水样的试验拟合结果表明,一级动力学能够很好地描述S_H的水解过程,A厂和B厂进水S_H的水解速率常数分别为28.00～39.77 d^-1和26.48～29.52 d^-1.该组分划分方案能够实现S_S积分区域的理论划分,并消除溶解性微生物产物对S_I测定的影响.     

贵阳城市污水及南明河中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱（UV检测）分析了贵阳城市污水、南明河水和沉积物中氯霉素和四环素类抗生素的特征.结果显示,南北两岸污水中氯霉素、土霉素、四环素和金霉素的平均含量分别为27.0、 2.3、 11.0、 1.1 μg·L^-1和21.2、 2.1、 9.5、 0.5 μg·L^-1,其中以氯霉素的污染为主;污水中抗生素的含量呈现明显的季节变化,这与用水量和疾病特点有关.南明河已广泛受到包括农业、养鱼塘、城市污水等来源的抗生素污染,其中城市污水是最重要的来源,受其影响,污水口下游的抗生素污染尤为严重.河水中氯霉素、土霉素和四环素在冬季的含量范围分别在2.1～19.0、ND～3.0、 0.8～6.8 μg·L^-1之间,夏季分别在0.2～1.3、ND～0.03、 0.2～0.3 μg·L^-1之间,金霉素只在冬季检出,含量范围在0.09～0.14 μg·L^-1之间;沉积物中4种抗生素在冬季的平均含量分别为147.6、 76.6、 99.2和1.6 μg·kg^-1;在夏季分别为195.8、 89.1、 34.4和9.0 μg·kg^-1.数据表明,河水中抗生素的含量受河水流量及来源特点的影响很大,冬季河水中抗生素的含量明显高于夏季;沉积物中抗生素的季节变化不明显.     

光助非均相芬顿体系中羟基自由基的荧光光谱法测定与影响因素研究

以TiO2/Al2O3为载体制备了Fe2O3/TiO2/Al2O3催化剂,建立了三相流化床光助非均相芬顿反应体系.选取香豆素为羟基自由基捕获剂,采用荧光法检测光助非均相芬顿反应体系中产生的活性中间体,发现在体系中有高活性的羟基自由基生成.实验讨论了溶液的pH值、H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、光强对光助非均相芬顿反应体系中羟基自由基生成量的影响.结果表明,以香豆素为羟基自由基捕获剂的实验方法可以较好地检测不同实验条件下光助非均相芬顿反应体系中产生的羟基自由基,且该光助非均相芬顿反应体系中羟基自由基的生成在30 min内符合零级反应动力学.溶液的pH值、H2O2投加量、催化剂投加量、光强均对反应体系中羟基自由基的生成存在一定的影响.     

壳聚糖吸附酸性大红及Cu2+对吸附的增强作用

采用壳聚糖去除水中酸性大红,对壳聚糖吸附酸性大红的动力学、热力学以及溶液pH、盐浓度、外来Cu2+对吸附的影响进行了研究.准二级吸附动力模型、Langmuir、Freundlich及Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)方程分别用来对吸附动力学和等温线进行分析.结果表明,酸性大红在壳聚糖上的吸附是一个化学吸附控制的准二级动力学过程.Langmuir、Freundlich和D-R方程都能较好地描述吸附等温线.溶液pH和温度对吸附有较大影响,而氯化钠浓度对吸附的影响较小.对吸附热力函数的计算结果显示ΔH0<0,表明吸附是一个放热过程.由D-R方程计算的吸附自由能E为9.5~10.7 kJ.mol-1,表明吸附过程为离子交换化学吸附.Cu2+对吸附的影响结果显示Cu2+能显著提高壳聚糖对酸性大红的吸附容量,另外建立了Cu2+浓度与吸附量增加之间的数学模型.     

pUCD-recA重组发光菌构建及对遗传毒性污染物响应作用

基因重组发光菌在水质毒性的评价中具有重要的作用,本研究从分析污染物毒性损伤的机制出发,构建新型pUCD-recA基因重组发光菌.用PCR法从大肠杆菌W3110中扩增recA基因,将其与pGEM-T easy载体连接后测序.测序正确的recA片段及pUCD615载体均用BamHⅠ、EcoRⅠ双酶切,连接后电转化导入宿主菌JM109.挑取克隆,提取质粒用PCR鉴定,阳性克隆再进行测序.将构建成功的pUCD-recA载体转化入大肠杆菌RFM443,加入相应的遗传毒性污染物,观察发光响应作用.结果表明,recA基因PCR扩增出的片段为293 bp,测序结果与GenBank中的recA序列进行BLAST比对,同源性为99%,表明扩增序列正确.与pUCD615载体连接后的测序结果表明,recA基因已正确地插入到pUCD615的多克隆位点,方向和读码框正确,重组发光菌载体构建成功.将构建好的重组载体转化入RFM443宿主菌,加入遗传毒性污染物观察响应效果.丝裂霉素C(MMC)对pUCD-recA重组发光菌诱导效果最好,0.01 mg/L即可有很好的响应曲线;N′-甲基-N′-硝基亚硝基胍(MNNG)则在50~100 mg/...