基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价和分区——以北京怀柔区北宅小流域为例

非点源污染控制难度大、成本高,因此有必要对污染源划分等级,从而分别进行管理与规划.本研究提出了“风险评价-规划分区-分别管理”的非点源污染规划思路.“风险评价”在借鉴已有的非点源风险评价模型基础上,提出了基于多准则分析的非点源污染评价方法.该评价方法以土地利用因子、径流因子和距离因子为参评指标,采用改进的理想解法(Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution,TOPSIS)确定因子权重,减少了人为主观性;“规划分区”依据“适度保护、优先规划、重点管理”的原则,结合风险评价结果,可将流域划分为5类管理分区;“分别管理”是对各类管理区分别配以针对性的BMPs和生态工程措施.“风险评价-规划分区-分别管理”这套方法层层递进不仅能评价流域非点源污染,也能定量为流域内非点源污染源的管理提供科学方案.最后将该方法在北宅小流域进行了应用,结果表明,该方法克服了传统方法的过于主观、局限性大的缺陷,可为类似流域非点源污染评价和管理提供参考.     

密云水库底泥和库滨区土壤中氨氧化细菌的多样性和丰度

采用分子生物学方法（T-RFLP、定量PCR）研究了密云水库底泥沉积物和库滨带土壤中氨氧化细菌（AOB）的多样性和丰度特征,并使用Canoco for Windows 4.5软件和皮尔森相关系数法,探究了环境因子对AOB群落的影响.结果表明,沉积物和库滨区土壤中AOB的多样性和数量都存在较大的差异.其中,AOB群落被聚成两大类：沉积物与土壤.沉积物样品中AOB群落结构与其它样品差异较大.沉积物中AOB的多样指数最低,而在农田土壤中AOB多样性指数最高.农田土壤中的amoA基因拷贝数最大,是底泥沉积物中的48倍.此外,RDA（Redundancy Analysis）分析表明,在沉积物和水陆交错带土壤中,AOB的优势种与NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TOC、pH成正相关关系,而在陆相土壤和农田土壤中,AOB的优势种与这些环境因子成负相关关系.其中,TOC是影响AOB的群落结构的关键理化因子.     

太湖流域典型河流沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

武宜运河位于太湖西部贯穿大部分太湖入湖河流,其重金属污染的研究,对太湖重金属污染来源,流域管理具有重要的意义。因此,2012年8月对武宜运河全程底质调查,分析了沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr等元素,通过地累积指数评价、相关分析、潜在生态风险评价以及相关研究对比分析,得出以下结论:1)Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr污染浓度均值为129.38,207.74,52.13,28.26,77.06 mg/kg,其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr均超过毒性参考值(TRV),Cu超标达800%。Zn、Pb、Cr在世界湖泊沉积物中微量金属的范围(WCTMEL)内,Cu超出144%,Ni略低于WCTMEL;2)Ni-Cr、Zn-Pb具有较好的同源性。且Cu、Zn污染较高,达到"中—强"和"强"污染级别,Pb污染级别其次,Ni、Cr污染级别较低或无污染。可以排除武宜运河携带Ni、Cr污染物进入入湖河网的可能;3)Cu为武宜运河生态风险主要贡献因子。需加强工业园区地段重金属污染控制,减少污染来源,加大武宜运河对连同入湖水系的清水补充。     

Adsorption of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole from aqueous solution by organo-bentonite

The adsorption behavior of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite was investigated.Natural bentonite from Gaozhou in Guangdong Province,China was collected.Organo-bentonite was prepared by intercalation of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide into the natural bentonite.The physicochemical properties of the prepared organo-bentonite were characterized by X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results showed that montmorillonite is the main component of the natural bentonite.The basal spacing of the natural bentonite is 1.47 nm,which increased to 1.98 nm on intercalation with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide.Moreover,both the surface area and pore volume increased with intercalation.Clear CH2 stretching(3000-2800 cm-1) and scissoring(1480-1450 cm-1) modes of the intercalated surfactants were observed for organobentonite.Compared with the pseudo first-order kinetic model,the pseudo second-order kinetic model is more suitable to describe the adsorption kinetics of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite.The adsorption capacity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite increased with increasing initial concentration of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole,but decreased with increasing adsorbent dosage.The adsorption isotherm of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole onto organo-bentonite fits well with the Langmuir model.The maximum adsorption capacity of organo-bentonite for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole was 33.61 mg/g,indicating that organo-bentonite is a promising adsorbent for 2-mercaptobenzothiazole.     

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter in a forest soil profile

Dissolved organic matter （DOM） represents one of the most mobile and reactive organic compounds in ecosystem and plays an important role in the fate and transport of soil organic pollutants, nutrient cycling and more importantly global climate change. Electrochemical methods were first employed to evaluate DOM redox properties, and spectroscopic approaches were utilized to obtain information concerning its composition and structure. DOM was extracted from a forest soil profile with five horizons. Differential pulse voltammetry indicated that there were more redox-active moieties in the DOM from upper horizons than in that from lower horizons. Cyclic voltammetry further showed that these moieties were reversible in electron transfer. Chronoamperometry was employed to quantify the electron transfer capacity of DOM, including electron acceptor capacity and electron donor capacity, both of which decreased sharply with increasing depth. FT-IR, UV-Vis and fluorescence spectra results suggested that DOM from the upper horizons was enriched with aromatic and humic structures while that from the lower horizons was rich in aliphatic carbon, which supported the findings obtained by electrochemical approaches. Electrochemical approaches combined with spectroscopic methods were applied to evaluate the characteristics of DOM extracted along a forest soil profile. The electrochemical properties of DOM, which can be rapidly and simply obtained, provide insight into the migration and transformation of DOM along a soil profile and will aid in better understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in natural environments.     

基于藻类荧光的毒性测试研究进展

毒性测试以微藻细胞为生物敏感元件,以叶绿素荧光变化为响应指标,在监测水体重金属和农药污染方面,具有检出限低、重复性好等优点。然而,实际水环境中藻类生长受众多因素的影响,此法仅能反应各种污染因子的综合毒性。近几年,众多学者致力于提高微藻生物监测的特异性以确定污染物种类,改善微藻固定技术以适应原位监测。文章介绍了基于微藻荧光的毒性测试研究进展,展望了未来的发展趋势。。     

餐厨垃圾生物好氧堆肥的影响因素研究

使用自制的餐厨垃圾处理设备对餐厨垃圾进行生物好氧堆肥,采用L(93)4正交试验法研究了环境温度、含水率和接种量对餐厨垃圾生物好氧堆肥的影响,确定了考察因子的主次顺序以及最优工艺条件,并针对3个影响因素进行了单因素验证试验。实验结果表明:当环境温度为40℃、含水率为40%,接种量为菌种(含辅料)∶餐厨垃圾=4∶3时,含菌量增长速度快,菌种活性强,降解持续的时间长;各因素对含菌量影响的大小的顺序依次为环境温度、含水率和接种量。产出物经检验满足有机肥NY 525-2011标准。     

我国水质水量联合调度研究现状和发展趋势

水质和水量的联合调控是未来水资源调度和水污染控制的主要决策技术之一。文章从水资源调度入手,介绍了水质水量联合调度的概念和重要性,简析了国内外水质水量联合调度的研究现状、发展趋势以及"十一五"国内相关工作的最新进展。并对我国水质水量联合调度研究工作进行了展望。     

欧盟战略环评的实践经验及对中国的借鉴

欧盟战略环评的理论和实践在国际上具有领先地位,对我国具有重要的借鉴作用.2001年,欧盟通过了战略环评指令,规定了战略环评的目标、范围、流程、报告书内容和公众参与等,同时给予了成员国一定的自主空间.2007年的评估表明,欧盟战略环评的实施确实使环保有效地纳入到了战略中,使之更符合环保的要求,此外,战略环评提高了战略制定的规范性和决策的透明度与参与度.2008年,欧盟加入了联合国战略环评议定书,对人群健康、政策和立法环评以及公众参与等提出了更高的要求.借鉴欧盟战略环评的实践经验,我国应在战略环评的范围、加强大纲审查环节、定期评估和总结经验、“定制化”的战略环评以及追赶战略环评国际新趋势等方面进一步改进和提高.     

舟山典型海区浮游植物的动态变化

2009年8月～2011年5月对舟山典型海区的浮游植物群落进行调查和分析,结果表明:在该海域共鉴定到浮游植物4门45属102种。其中蓝藻门2属4种,占3.92%;绿藻门1属2种,占1.96%;硅藻门38属89种,占87.26%;甲藻门4属7种,占6.86%。浮游植物细胞丰度的年波动在2.65×104/L～3.73×104/L之间,平均值为3.04×104/L,并且在春季(5月)最高,夏季(8月)次之。主要优势种有星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、中华盒形藻(Biddulphia sinensis)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、并基角毛藻(Chaetoceros decipiens)和佛氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)。其中夜光藻的丰度达4.9×103/L,佛氏海线藻达2.7×103/L。在整个调查过程中硅藻一直占据优势,朱家尖、桃花岛、东极和嵊泗的硅藻种类分别占95.2%,82.1%,81.3%和86.9%。通过对浮游植物群落的多样性指数分析,可认为该调查海区浮游植物种类组成和季节变化明显,群落结构稳定。研究还表明,水质优良程度为嵊泗>东极>朱家尖>桃花岛。