Toward harmonizing prospective effectiveness assessment for road safety: Comparing tools in standard test case simulations

Abstract

Objective: With the overall goal to harmonize prospective effectiveness assessment of active safety systems, the specific objective of this study is to identify and evaluate sources of variation in virtual precrash simulations and to suggest topics for harmonization resulting in increased comparability and thus trustworthiness of virtual simulation-based prospective effectiveness assessment.

Methods: A round-robin assessment of the effectiveness of advanced driver assistance systems was performed using an array of state-of-the-art virtual simulation tools on a set of standard test cases. The results were analyzed to examine reasons for deviations in order to identify and assess aspects that need to be harmonized and standardized. Deviations between results calculated by independent engineering teams using their own tools should be minimized if the research question is precisely formulated regarding input data, models, and postprocessing steps.

Results: Two groups of sources of variations were identified; one group (mostly related to the implementation of the system under test) can be eliminated by using a more accurately formulated research question, whereas the other group highlights further harmonization needs because it addresses specific differences in simulation tool setups. Time-to-collision calculations, vehicle dynamics, especially braking behavior, and hit-point position specification were found to be the main sources of variation.

Conclusions: The study identified variations that can arise from the use of different simulation setups in assessment of the effectiveness of active safety systems. The research presented is a first of its kind and provides significant input to the overall goal of harmonization by identifying specific items for standardization. Future activities aim at further specification of methods for prospective assessments of the effectiveness of active safety, which will enhance comparability and trustworthiness in this kind of studies and thus contribute to increased traffic safety.     

Reviews of emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in Asia

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in the atmosphere play important roles in the formation of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in global scale and also in regional scale under some condition due to their large amount and relatively higher reactivity. In places with high plant cover in the tropics and in China where air pollution is serious, the effect of BVOCs on ozone and secondary organic aerosols is strong. The present research aims to provide a comprehensive review about the emission rate, emission inventory, research methods, the influencing factors of BVOCs emissions, as well as their impacts on atmospheric environment quality and human health in recent years in Asia based on the summary and analysis of literatures. It is suggested to use field direct measurement method to obtain the emission rate and model method to calculate the emission amount. Several recommendations are given for future investigation and policy development on BVOCs emission.     

辽东湾潜在褐潮生物时空分布及环境关联

以18S rDNA V4区作为目标基因,利用自行设计的真核浮游植物鉴定引物V4（F/R）,结合高通量测序技术,对辽东湾2014年四季海水中真核浮游植物多样性进行了检测.结果发现了8种潜在褐潮生物：抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻、微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻、细小微胞藻、密球藻、普通小球藻、钙质角毛藻,其中前2种生态风险较高,主要分布在辽东湾西南、东南两侧.除抑食金球藻和细小微胞藻为混合营养型外,其他6种均为自养型.细小微胞藻丰度最高（平均161445个/L）,主要分布在秋季;其次是抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻（平均13912,13717个/L）,主要分布在春季;之后为钙质角毛藻、普通小球藻（平均5498,5234个/L）,主要分布在秋季;密球藻（平均1345个/L）,主要分布在夏季;微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻最少（平均56,44个/L）,冬季无分布.辽东湾潜在褐潮生物丰度与水温、水深、无机氮、N/P显著相关,其群落结构演替与环境因子关联性有待于进一步研究.     

让我们积极应对气候变化

气候确实在发生变化。以往人们随意地认为这与温室效应气体排放量的增加有关，现在这种观点已得到充分证实。自1991年以来．已出现了自有记录以来全球气温最高的十个年份．而在上个世纪，温度上升7约0.6摄氏度。在同一期间内，全球的海平面上升了约20厘米．部分原因是陆地上冰层融化．海洋自身发生热膨胀。许多山峰上的冰盖正在消失．最近几十年来，夏秋季节北冰洋的冰层厚     

A novel technology for quick acclimation of an anaerobic microbial consortia used for biodegrading teraphthalic acid (TA)

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｅｒａｐｈｔｈａｌｉｃａｃｉｄ (ＴＡ)ｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｅｔｒｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓｏｆｐｏｌｙｅｓｔｅｒｆｉｂｅｒ,ｖｉｄｅｏｆｉｌｍｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ .Ｓｉｎｃｅｂｉｓ (2 ｅｔｈｙｌｈｅｘｙｌ)ｐｈｔｈａｌａｔｅ ,ｄｉｅｔｈｙｌｐｈｔｈａｌａｔｅａｎｄｄｉｍｅｔｈｙｌｐｈｔｈａｌａｔｅｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｄａｓｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙｈａｚａｒｄｏｕｓｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓｂｙＥＰＡｏｆｔｈｅ…     

Mitigation of the Impact of Tropical Cyclones in Northern Australia through Community Capacity Enhancement

Community mitigation of hazard impact requires hazard knowledge and preparedness on the part of the members of diverse and complex communities. Longitudinal research in the tropical cyclone prone north of Australia has gathered extensive datasets on community awareness, preparedness and knowledge, in order to contribute to education campaigns and mitigation strategies. Data have been used to identify issues of vulnerability to cyclones and capacity to deal with the hazard. This has been developed as a community vulnerability and capacity model that may be applied to diverse communities in order to assess levels of capability to mitigate and deal with the cyclone hazard. The model is presented here in a simplified form as its development is evolving and ongoing.     

氯氟烃及其替代物

近年来,臭氧衰竭比原先预料的更严重,对人类健康和环境构成了严重威胁。“蒙特利尔议定书”和“大气清洁法案”要求2000年要完全清除致臭氧衰竭物质——氯氟烃(CFCs)的生产和使用。目前,世界各地积极开发CFCs的替代物,以加速转换。虽然已开发的氧氯氟烃(HCFCs)、氢氟烃(HFCs)等替代物与CFCs相比还有一定缺点,但最终一定会实现替代转换。     

降雨──产流过程与氮、磷流失特征研究

以于桥水库流域为例,通过人工降雨模拟实验与天然降雨径流过程监测,对所获主要营养盐物质──氮、磷的监测数据进行归纳、分析、验证,得出氮、磷随径流过程的输出特征,变化趋势、共性与差异,以及主要影响因子对氮、磷流失的影响过程与原因分析,为水体富营养化的防治研究提供依据．