Indoor air pollution from solid fuel on children pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

An updated systematic review was conducted to assessing on the association between indoor air pollution caused by household energy consumption and childhood pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries. We performed a meta-analysis from the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, EMBASE. Studies were selected when they reported childhood pneumonia or ALRI in relation to indoor air pollution resulted from solid fuel. Studies must provide results on exposure prevalence of children aged below 5 years from Asia or Africa. We devoted ourselves to identifying randomized controlled experiments and observational epidemiological researches, which revealed the relation between household usage of solid fuel and childhood pneumonia. Among 1954 articles, 276 were reviewed thoroughly and 16 conduced to such a meta-analysis. It was found that there is a significant relationship between the solid fuel combustion and increasing risk of childhood pneumonia (OR?=?1.66, 95%CI 1.36–2.02). The summary odds ratios from biomass use and mixed fuel use were, respectively, 1.86 (95%CI 1.15–3.02) and 1.58 (95%CI 1.38–1.81), with substantial between study heterogeneity (I²?=?87.2% and 29.2%, respectively). According to the subgroup analysis along with the meta-regression analysis, the risk of using solid fuel in Asian regions is higher than that in African regions. Studies based on non-hospital participates (I²?=?49.5%) may also a source of heterogeneity. We found that indoor air pollution generated by the usage of solid fuel might be a significant risk factor for pneumonia in children and suggested improving the indoor air quality by promoting cleaner fuel will be important in undeveloped countries.

     

Prenatal exposure to air pollution and the risk of eczema in childhood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - An increasing number of studies investigated the association between air pollution during pregnancy and the risk of eczema in offspring. However, no...     

Effect of applying persulfate on the accumulation of arsenic in rice plants grown in arsenic-contaminated paddy soil

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Arsenic is known to be a notorious human carcinogen and rice consumption is becoming the primary human exposure route for As, especially in many Asian...     

DDT在武汉地区三种典型土壤中的吸附和迁移特征

采取室内模拟试验方法,研究了滴滴涕（DDT）在武汉地区三种不同土质类型土壤中的吸附和迁移特征。结果表明：DDT在A、B、C三种土壤中的吸附符合线性吸附方程,在24h左右达到平衡,吸附过程为自发的物理吸附,Kd值在0.3~1.41mL/g之间,Kd值大小顺序依次为A种土〉B种土〉C种土;土柱淋溶试验表明一周后DDT在A种土、B种土和C种土中最大迁移深度分别为11.0cm、13.2cm、15.4cm;影响DDT在土壤中吸附的重要因素之一是土壤中有机质含量;土壤中的DDT对地下水污染存在潜在的风险性,应引起高度重视。     

离子型水面溢油凝油剂的制备与性能研究

以壳聚糖、十四酰氯、氯乙酸为主要原料,合成了一种离子型壳聚糖水面溢油凝油剂,并用IR对其结构进行了表征。实验结果表明:当壳聚糖:十四碳脂肪酸酰氯:氯乙酸的摩尔比为11∶.51∶.5时,得到的凝油剂具有较好的凝油性能和较强的适应性,用于水面柴油、机油、苯、二甲苯的回收处理,不但回收处理效果好,而且基本不受水盐度的影响。     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题，结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点，提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明，同等曝气强度和曝气方式下，气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器；膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1.53～2.44倍，提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用，可减缓膜污染；对反应器膜过滤性能的考察，表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环，污泥活性有所下降，但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大，污泥活性较为稳定。     

疫情环境下考虑患者恐慌心理的多周期应急医疗物资分配问题研究

疫情爆发初期,患者易因应急医疗物资的短缺和分配不及时而产生恐慌心理.针对该问题,考虑各疫区应急物资需求优先度、应急物资的分配量及到达时间等因素,构建患者恐慌心理函数,以量化的患者恐慌心理最小和物资分配总成本最小作为优化目标,建立多周期的应急物资分配模型,并融合泛化反向学习和自适应惯性权重设计了改进的鲸鱼群优化算法,以湖北新冠肺炎疫情为例进行验证.结果表明,所提出的模型和算法能够有效地解决疫情环境下考虑患者恐慌心理的多周期应急物资分配问题,且改进的算法在局部搜索和全局搜索上具有良好的性能.     

利用丝光沸石吸附高浓度氨氮的研究

实验研究了丝光沸石对高浓度氨氮的吸附行为,考察了沸石投加量、温度、吸附时间、氨氮浓度、溶液pH值以及Ca2 、Mg2 竞争阳离子对丝光沸石吸附高浓度氨氮的影响,绘制了丝光沸石的吸附等温线.结果表明,在投加250 g/L丝光沸石,pH值6.5,温度25 ℃,吸附时间3 h的条件下,丝光沸石对高浓度氨氮的去除率可达90%以上.Ca2 、Mg2 竞争阳离子在一定程度上抑制丝光沸石对氨氮的吸附.丝光沸石对高浓度氨氮的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附线.丝光沸石对实际养猪污水中800 mg/L的高浓度氨氮的去除率达到80%以上.     

新型高效聚合铝的生产性试验研究

为进一步提高饮用水水质,通过系统研究筛选混凝剂及优化混凝过程来达到高效去除污染物,以提供经济合理的水处理工艺途径.结果表明:新型药剂具有显著提高出水水质的性能,改善了沉淀后水体颗粒物的粒度分布特征,提高了过滤效率.同时表现出明显优越的去除有机物能力,传统工艺TOC去除大约在9%～11%,而新型药剂则可以达到17%～20%.应用树脂分离分级对不同有机物表征的结果也得到进一步证实.原水的TTHMFP为20.98μg/L,而原有工艺为11.01μg/L,使用新药剂后仅为6.40μg/L.使用新药可以明显节约成本,具有显著的经济效益,同时降低生产工艺的复杂性.