Chemical characteristics of road dust PM2.5 fraction in oasis cities at the margin of Tarim Basin

In order to understand the compositions characteristics of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) fraction in road dust (RD_2.5) of oasis cities on the edge of Tarim Basin, 30 road dust (RD) samples were collected in Kashi, Cele, and Yutian in the spring, 2018, and RD_2.5 was collected using the resuspension approach. Eight water-soluble ions, 39 trace elements and 8 fractions of carbon-containing species in PM_2.5 were analyzed. Ca²⁺ and Ca were the most abundant ions and elements in RD_2.5 (7.1% and 9.5%). Cl^- in RD_2.5 was affected not only by attributed to saline-alkali soils in oasis cities of the Tarim Basin and dust from Taklimakan Desert but also by human activities. Moreover, the organic carbon/elemental carbon (OC/EC) ratio indicated that carbon components in RD_2.5 in Cele town mainly come from fossil fuel combustion, while those in Yutian and Kashi mainly come from biomass combustion. It is noteworthy that high Ca in RD_2.5 was seriously affected by anthropogenic emissions, and high Na and K contents in RD_2.5 could be derived from soil and desert dust. It was estimated that Cd, Tl, Sn and Cr were emitted from anthropogenic emissions using the enrichment factor. The coefficients of divergence (COD) result indicated that the influence of local emission on road dust emission is greater than that of long-distance transmission. This study is the first time to comprehensively analyze the chemical characteristics of road dust in oasis cities, and the results provides the sources of road dust at the margin of Tarim Basin.     

Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin

An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin (AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2–0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the secretion of total organic carbon (TOC) in the culture media of the two species, and this phenomenon was also found in a freshwater microcosm experiment (containing the natural microbial community). We attempted to assess the effect of AZ on the function of aquatic microbial communities through metabolomic analysis and further explore the potential risks of this compound. The metabonomic profiles of the microcosm indicated that the most varied metabolites after AZ treatment were related to the citrate cycle (TCA), fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism. We thereby inferred that the microbial community increased extracellular secretions by adjusting metabolic pathways, which might be a stress response to reduce AZ toxicity. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further study of fungicide stress responses in aquatic microcosm microbial communities, as well as a good start for further explorations of AZ detoxification mechanisms, which will be valuable for the evaluation of AZ environmental risk.     

基于TMVOC的地下水位波动带苯系物迁移转化模拟

为探究水位波动情况下苯系物的迁移转化规律,提高石油污染场地地下水污染治理精度,以西北某傍河石化场地为研究对象,基于TMVOC模型对特征污染物苯系物开展泄漏模拟,通过情景模拟比较水位波动对苯系物迁移转化的影响,并从污染分布、相间转化等方面,解析地下水位稳定和波动状态下苯系物迁移转化过程差异.结果表明:①TMVOC模型较好地模拟了水位波动状态下苯系物迁移转化过程.②相较于水位稳定状态下,水位波动作用下苯系物污染深度增加0.5 m,污染面积增加25%,总质量增加12 kg.③水位稳定和波动状态下苯系物"气-液-NAPL（Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids）相"占比分别为0.17%、2.03%、97.8%和0.04%、3.69%、96.27%.④NAPL相苯系物饱和度分布与苯系物质量分布呈正相关,水位波动造成NAPL相初始饱和度降低,且初始水位面以下NAPL相饱和度升高.⑤对于苯而言,水位波动状态下非饱和带中苯在液相中的质量是水位稳定状态下的1.11倍,饱和带为10.15倍.研究显示,水位波动显著地影响了苯系物的迁移转化过程,促进了苯系物的溶解,并使更多的苯系物残留在地下介质中.      

特殊区域地表水环境背景值表征技术方法研究与应用

选取黑龙江省源头水保护区作为研究对象,根据DEM数据对保护区内随机布设的水质监测点控制单元进行划分并提取单元内的相关指标建立监测点背景特性量化模型,基于量化结果提出地表水环境背景值监测方案,建立背景值数据库.选取研究区自然属性指标与空间属性指标,以空间叠置技术与聚类分析方法对研究区地表水进行背景值分区,最终将黑龙江省分为六大地表水水质背景值地理分区,并计算了各分区地表水环境背景值表征范围.表征范围显示：依据现行标准进行水质评价,保护区内水质背景值已超出Ⅱ类水质标准限值.因此,基于水质背景值研究成果提出了考虑背景值影响下的水环境质量评价方法,并将方法应用于研究区,结果表明方法切实可行且优于单因子评价法.研究成果可为区域制定背景值影响下的水环境评价方法提供科学的数据支撑与理论依据.     

腐植酸中不同分子量组分与As(Ⅲ)的络合性能

采用超滤方法将腐植酸（HA）分成5个不同分子量组分,利用平衡透析法研究HA中不同分子量组分与As（III）的络合特征和作用机理,计算络合过程的条件分配系数、表观稳定常数.结果表明,腐植酸组分的分子量对HA与As（III）的络合过程有显著的影响,当分子量小于10kDa时,HA与As（III）络合能力明显强于其他条件.其中羧基和酚羟基在HA与砷络合中起重要作用,为主要络合位点.采用Scatchard分析和双位点配体模型对络合结果进行拟合,发现HA中不同分子量组分和As（III）的络合过程中均存在强和弱2种络合位点.     

滦河秋季大型底栖动物群落结构空间格局与关键环境影响因子识别

掌握水生生物的空间分布特征及其关键影响因子是科学制定生物多样性保护策略的基础.于2016年秋季对滦河53个样点开展了大型底栖动物和环境因子的现场调查,分析了大型底栖动物群落结构与空间分布特征,并识别出影响大型底栖动物物种空间分布的关键环境因子.结果表明:①滦河（河北省）共采集并鉴定出大型底栖动物206种,隶属于8纲22目70科144属,以纹石蚕（Hydropsyche sp.）和东方蜉蝣（Ephemera orientalis）为优势种.②根据滦河大型底栖动物群落结构相似性,53个样点在空间上被分为3组.第1组分布在滦河干流的中下游及支流下游,无指示物种;第2组分布在支流上游,指示种为纹石蚕、朝大蚊（Antocha sp.）和中华小长臂虾（Palaemonetes sinensis）;第3组分布在滦河干流中上游,指示种为东方蜉蝣和中华齿米虾（Neocaridina denticulate sinensis）.③第3组的分类单元数显著高于第1组和第2组;第1组的多样性指数显著高于第2组;第1组的均匀度指数显著高于其他2组.单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）发现,pH、TN、底质、河道变化、水质状况和河岸土地利用类型等环境因子在第2组与第3组之间差异显著,第2组明显高于第3组.典范对应分析（CCA）表明,栖境复杂性、河水水量状况和河岸土地利用类型是影响滦河大型底栖动物空间分布的关键环境因子.研究显示,降低河岸带干扰强度、恢复河道生境多样性是未来滦河大型底栖动物多样性保护恢复的重要管理措施.      

机载产品盐雾试验结果评定判据分析与探讨

针对当前机载产品盐雾试验标准中缺少明确、可量化评估指标,试验结果评定判据粗略笼统且以定性评价为主,已不能满足产品发展和使用环境扩展需求等现状,在总结国内外现行盐雾试验标准的结果评定要求基础上,分析当前机载产品盐雾结果评定判据存在的问题与不足,从管理和技术两个层面提出改进试验结果评定可操作性的建议,指导机载产品盐雾试验实施与评价。     

新型防腐涂层对直升机典型结构材料防护性能研究

目的研究新型防腐涂层对直升机典型结构用铝合金及复合材料在热带海洋性气候环境下的防护性能,并与原防护涂层进行对比。方法通过测试涂层腐蚀后的形貌、光泽度、色差、电化学阻抗等,对比新/原涂层对直升机典型结构用铝合金和复合材料的防护性能。结果经过2年腐蚀后,新涂层表面无明显变化,而原涂层表面有轻微腐蚀,光泽度和色差下降较大。电化学阻抗测试表明,暴露前后涂层结构无明显变化,涂层阻抗值呈现持续下降的趋势,但是原涂层阻抗下降更快。结论新涂层对直升机典型铝合金和复合材料有更好的防护性,更加适于海洋性环境的使用。