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61.
Isavela Ν. Monioudi Regina Asariotis Austin Becker Cassandra Bhat Danielle Dowding-Gooden Miguel Esteban Luc Feyen Lorenzo Mentaschi Antigoni Nikolaou Leonard Nurse Willard Phillips David Α.Υ. Smith Mizushi Satoh Ulric O’Donnell Trotz Adonis F. Velegrakis Evangelos Voukouvalas Michalis I. Vousdoukas Robert Witkop 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(8):2211-2225
This contribution presents an assessment of the potential vulnerabilities to climate variability and change (CV & C) of the critical transportation infrastructure of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS). It focuses on potential operational disruptions and coastal inundation forced by CV & C on four coastal international airports and four seaports in Jamaica and Saint Lucia which are critical facilitators of international connectivity and socioeconomic development. Impact assessments have been carried out under climatic conditions forced by a 1.5 °C specific warming level (SWL) above pre-industrial levels, as well as for different emission scenarios and time periods in the twenty-first century. Disruptions and increasing costs due to, e.g., more frequent exceedance of high temperature thresholds that could impede transport operations are predicted, even under the 1.5 °C SWL, advocated by the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and reflected as an aspirational goal in the Paris Climate Agreement. Dynamic modeling of the coastal inundation under different return periods of projected extreme sea levels (ESLs) indicates that the examined airports and seaports will face increasing coastal inundation during the century. Inundation is projected for the airport runways of some of the examined international airports and most of the seaports, even from the 100-year extreme sea level under 1.5 °C SWL. In the absence of effective technical adaptation measures, both operational disruptions and coastal inundation are projected to increasingly affect all examined assets over the course of the century. 相似文献
62.
Shibata Hideaki Galloway James N. Leach Allison M. Cattaneo Lia R. Cattell Noll Laura Erisman Jan Willem Gu Baojing Liang Xia Hayashi Kentaro Ma Lin Dalgaard Tommy Graversgaard Morten Chen Deli Nansai Keisuke Shindo Junko Matsubae Kazuyo Oita Azusa Su Ming-Chien Mishima Shin-Ichiro Bleeker Albert 《Ambio》2017,46(2):129-142
Ambio - Nitrogen (N) management presents a sustainability dilemma: N is strongly linked to energy and food production, but excess reactive N causes environmental pollution. The N footprint is an... 相似文献
63.
Tsolmon Chimeddorj Tomoko Suzuki Kazuhiro Murakane Miyuki Inai Masaya Satoh Yasuo Oyama 《Chemosphere》2013
Dieldrin, one of persistent pesticides, is highly resistant to biotic and abiotic degradation. It is accumulated in organisms. Recent studies suggest that dieldrin exerts a potent cytotoxic action on cells exposed to oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of dieldrin on rat thymocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress was examined. Dieldrin at 5 μM and H2O2 at 300 μM slightly increased cell lethality from a control value of 5.4 ± 0.5% (mean ± standard deviation of four experiments) to 7.8 ± 1.3% and 9.0 ± 0.3%, respectively. Simultaneous application of dieldrin and H2O2 significantly increased cell lethality to 46.2 ± 1.8%. The synergistic increase in cell lethality was dependent on dieldrin concentration (0.3–5 μM) but not on H2O2 concentration (30–300 μM). Dieldrin accelerated H2O2-induced cell death, which was estimated with the help of annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide. Presence of either dieldrin or H2O2 decreased the cellular content of nonprotein thiol and increased intracellular Zn2+ concentration. The combination of dieldrin and H2O2 further pronounced these effects. TPEN, a chelator of intracellular Zn2+, significantly attenuated the synergistic increase in cell lethality induced by dieldrin and H2O2. It is, therefore, suggested that dieldrin augments the cytotoxicity of H2O2 in a Zn2+-dependent manner. 相似文献
64.
Toshiharu Sugiyama Keisuke Nansai Susumu Tohno Kouhei Yamamoto 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):759-768
To elucidate the macro-structure of the PM2.5 emissions generated by Japan's economic activities, this paper presents an emission inventory of primary particles of PM2.5 with high sectoral resolution based on the Japanese Input–Output Tables, comprising some 400 sectors. These primary PM2.5 emissions were estimated by multiplying the estimated energy consumption associated with each fuel type by a PM10 emission factor incorporating the technological level of dust collection in each sector and the mass ratio of PM2.5 to PM10. Non-energy emissions from agricultural open burning were also determined. Total PM2.5 emissions in 2000 were 252 kt, 49% of which were due to mobile emission sources. Changes in total PM2.5 emissions between 1990 and 2000 were also calculated. This showed that a substantial increase in energy sector emissions due to rising coal consumption was offset by a sharp decline in emissions from road vehicles and shipping vessels, resulting in an overall decrease in total emissions. In addition, the emissions induced by economic demand in each sector were quantified by means of input–output analysis, which revealed that demand for construction, foods and communications and services constituted the principal causes of real domestic emissions. An assessment of sectoral contributions to PM2.5 emissions that takes into account the effects of human exposure, expressed as external costs, suggests that the contribution of transportation is greater than indicated on the grounds of direct emissions alone. 相似文献
65.
Using conjoint analysis, we estimated the willingness to pay (WTP) of households for source separation of plastic waste and the improvement of related environmental impacts, the residents' loss of life expectancy (LLE), the landfill capacity, and the CO(2) emissions. Unreliable respondents were identified and removed from the sample based on their answers to follow-up questions. It was found that the utility associated with reducing LLE and with the landfill capacity were both well expressed by logarithmic functions, but that residents were indifferent to the level of CO(2) emissions even though they approved of CO(2) reduction. In addition, residents derived utility from the act of separating plastic waste, irrespective of its environmental impacts; that is, they were willing to practice the separation of plastic waste at home in anticipation of its "invisible effects", such as the improvement of citizens' attitudes toward solid waste issues. 相似文献
66.
Uemura H Arisawa K Hiyoshi M Satoh H Sumiyoshi Y Morinaga K Kodama K Suzuki T Nagai M Suzuki T 《Chemosphere》2008,73(1):30-37
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to grasp the recent body burden levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and to investigate their determinants among general inhabitants in Japan. METHODS: This study was performed on 1374 participants aged 15-73 years, who were not occupational exposure to PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs, living widely in 75 different residential areas of 25 prefectures in Japan. Seven PCDDs, ten PCDFs, twelve DL-PCBs, which are assigned a toxicity equivalent factor, and biochemical factors were determined in fasting blood. A questionnaire survey on life-style was also performed. RESULTS: The median of total toxicity equivalent (TEQ) was 20pgTEQ/g lipid. The TEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, DL-PCBs and total TEQ increased with age. The intake frequency of fish-and-shellfish was positively associated with the TEQ of DL-PCBs in both sexes. Current smoking was negatively related to the TEQ of DL-PCBs in male subjects but not in female subjects. Feeding status was significantly related to the TEQs of PCDDs/PCDFs, DL-PCBs and total TEQ, being lowest in breast feeding and highest in never and bottle feeding. According to the results of subgroup analysis, parity was not associated with the TEQs. CONCLUSIONS: The fish-and-shellfish consumption may contribute to the accumulation of DL-PCBs, and smoking may induce some biological action for the elimination of DL-PCBs from the human body. Breast feeding is considered to be one of the major excretory pathways of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs in women, while parity may not largely contribute to the elimination of these pollutants. 相似文献
67.
Nakao Keisuke Suto Hitoshi Hattori Yasuo Kikumoto Hideki 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2022,22(4):663-682
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - This study applies the models describing the effect of a neutrally stratified high-Reynolds-number boundary layer on peak wind estimation. A neutrally stratified... 相似文献