基于遗传算法的复合分位数回归在沉降数据处理中的应用

针对传统最小二乘法估算模型参数精度不高的问题,采用了复合分位数回归参数估计法,并用遗传算法完成相关计算,建立了三次多项式的沉降数据预测模型。实证分析表明复合分位数具有很强的稳健性和参数估计的稳定性,所得模型预测能力强、精确度高。     

浒苔生物炭促进土壤Pb固定并缓解植物Pb毒性

本文利用浒苔在不同温度下制备的生物炭（400℃和600℃,记为BC400与BC600）,以30g/kg生物炭添加量对1200mg/kg的Pb污染土壤进行香根草盆栽实验,研究浒苔生物炭对土壤中Pb固定和植物中Pb毒性的影响.结果表明,浒苔生物炭与香根草能协同促进土壤中Pb固定,较生物炭组提高了16.89%和14.82%,比植物组提高17.40%和15.02%.生物炭理化性质影响Pb固定,BC400的pH值（8.97）低于BC600（10.59）,但BC400固定Pb的效果优于BC600,因为羟基（—OH）、羰基（C═O）等基团较BC600丰富,且微孔结构完整.浒苔生物炭可抑制香根草对Pb的吸收,促进香根草生长,其中BC400有助于植物地上部分及根部Pb浓度降低（分别降低23.50%和22.92%）,同时降低富集系数,提高香根草的生物量、叶绿素含量及根系活力,提高抗氧化酶SOD、CAT和POD活性,丙二醛含量可降低13.40%.总之,浒苔生物炭通过高pH值和微孔结构吸附Pb,并通过官能团增加与金属的结合位点固定Pb,以降低Pb的毒性,提高香根草生存能力.鉴于滨海地区浒苔生物质资源丰富,生物炭与植物联合作用可作为Pb污染土壤修复的技术措施之一.     

Embedded reservoir and constructed wetland for drinking water source protection: Effects on nutrient removal and phytoplankton succession

An embedded reservoir that provides an efficient nutrient removal system protects drinking water.However,embedded reservoirs are rarely used in eutrophic shallow lakes because of their undetermined nutrient retention efficiency and unknown effects by the phytoplankton community.In this study,we aim to investigate the nutrient retention and algae succession in an embedded reservoir and adjacent wetland from April 2017 to September 2018 in the eastern part of Lake Taihu,China.More than 40% of total phosphorus(TP) and 45% of particulate phosphorous entering the reservoir were retained semiannually,and the highest TP removal efficiency was achieved in the reservoir during autumn with an average value of 53.3% ± 9.9%.The overall nitrogen retention efficiency(21.7% ± 37.8%) was lower than that of TP(41.8% ± 27.8%).Similar trends were obtained in the wetland area.An important pathway for phosphorus removal is through particulate matter retention.Our study revealed that nutrient retention mechanisms in the reservoir were primarily via macrophyte absorption,particulate substance sedimentation,and prolonged water residence time.Consequently,the phytoplankton biomass(Chl-a) in the reservoir decreased(from 48.0 to 25.2 μg/L) and water transparency improved,due to the decreased P level and transformation of the phytoplankton group into simple structures with good ecological status.Therefore,the combination of embedded reservoir and constructed wetland ecosystem can be used successfully to protect surface water.The results will be advantageous to groups seeking to preserve drinking water sources.     

Optimized photocatalytic regeneration of adsorption-photocatalysis bifunctional composite saturated with Methyl Orange

Photo-responsive adsorption-photocatalysis nanocomposites are generally used in water and wastewater decontamination; however, the prolonged adsorption capacity of composites and the role of adsorption in concomitant photocatalysis are typically neglected. These composites can be regenerated under light irradiation as their adsorption capacity decreases. Herein, a novel adsorption-photocatalysis bifunctional nanocomposite, Bi-doped TiO₂ supported on powdered activated carbon (Bi₂O₃/TiO₂/PAC), was prepared using the sol-impregnation-hydrothermal procedure. Bi₂O₃/TiO₂/PAC with a secondary calcination temperature of 700°C under a nitrogen atmosphere was selected for maximum adsorption capacity on Methyl Orange (MO). The composite displayed an excellent adsorption capacity and was easily separated and recycled. The results demonstrate that 71.2% photocatalytic regeneration efficiency could be attained under visible light irradiation for 1 hr at an intensity of 750?W/m² and pH 7. Characterization of the as-prepared Bi₂O₃/TiO₂/PAC nanocomposite (700°C) indicates that it possesses a highly specific surface area and great optical properties, showing bifunctional adsorption-photocatalysis characteristics. The p-n heterojunction of the composite played a dominant role in the photocatalytic regeneration process, and effective degradation of MO could be achieved along with composite regeneration.     

Surface characterization of metal oxides-supported activated carbon fiber catalysts for simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide

The sol–gel method was used to synthesize a series of metal oxides-supported activated carbon fiber (ACF) and the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis activity of carbonyl sulfide (COS) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) at relatively low temperatures of 60°C was tested. The effects of preparation conditions on the catalyst properties were investigated, including the kinds and amount of metal oxides and calcination temperatures. The activity tests indicated that catalysts with 5 wt.% Ni after calcining at 400°C (Ni(5)/ACF(400)) had the best performance for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of COS and CS₂. The surface and structure properties of prepared ACF were characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), carbon dioxide-temperature programmed desorption (CO₂-TPD) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared reflection (DRFTIR). And the metal cation defects were researched by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. The characterization results showed that the supporting of Ni on the ACF made the ACF catalyst show alkaline and increased the specific surface area and the number of micropores, then improved catalytic hydrolysis activity. The DRFTIR results revealed that -OH species could facilitate the hydrolysis of COS and CS₂; -COO and -C–O species could facilitate the oxidation of catalytic hydrolysate H₂S. And the EPR results showed that high calcination temperature conditions provide more active reaction center for the COS and CS₂ adsorption.     

我国农村生活污水污染排放及环境治理效率

当前我国农村生活污水治理形势依然严峻.利用第二次全国污染源普查成果,分析了我国2017年农村生活污水排放情况,并基于熵值法和数据包络分析（DEA）模型从技术效率、经济效率两个角度对治理效率进行评价.结果表明:①我国农村生活污水中COD排放量约占生活源排放总量的50.8%,NH₃-N、TN和TP排放量分别占生活源排放总量的35.0%、30.5%、38.7%,污水及污染物排放去向以直排入水体、直排入农田和其他途径为主,三者占80%以上.②我国沿海用水量较大地区的水冲式厕所比例超过80%,且农村生活污水有效治理比例仅为11.0%,导致我国农村生活污水治理的技术效率仅为8.6%,且区域差异较大,其中有23个省份小于10%,技术效率普遍较低.③相比浙江省、上海市、山西省、内蒙古自治区、青海省、西藏自治区等地（经济效率均为1）,我国其他省份农村生活污水治理的经济效率有很大改善空间.农村生活污水中人均COD排放强度、人均NH₃-N排放强度与农村居民人均可支配收入之间的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）均呈一定的倒“U”型关系,人均TN排放强度、人均TP排放强度与农村居民人均可支配收入之间的EKC则均呈“N”型特征,有波动上升趋势.研究显示,我国农村生活污水治理效率存在较大的提升空间,与城镇相比,农村的环境保护基础设施建设还比较落后,应以源头减量、分类处理、循环利用为导向,加强统筹规划,梯次推进,加快提升我国农村污水治理水平.      

电场强化博落回修复铀镉复合污染土壤机理

采用盆栽试验,研究了在0.3V/cm的外加直流电场作用下,博落回的生物量、富集铀（U）的性能和抗氧化酶活性,以及其根际土壤中有机酸含量、U和镉（Cd）的结合形态、植物根部U的价态、微生物群落结构的变化等.结果表明,施加直流电场后,博落回总生物量升高了15.33%~29.88%,其中电场+铀污染（DC+U）和电场+镉污染（DC+Cd）处理组的博落回对U和Cd的富集系数提高了90.84%和93.33%;土壤中草酸、酒石酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸和乳酸含量分别增加了18.36%~45.31%、58.62%~503.22%、15.71%~118.99%、12.34%~123.27%和25.97%~36.05%;过氧化物酶（POD）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）的活性分别提高了13.63%~34.82%和9.70%~28.64%;根际土壤中植物可利用态U、Cd所占比例显著增大;博落回根部的大部分U由稳定的U（IV）变成了更容易从地下部分向地上部分转移的U（VI）;酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）等细菌菌门和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）等真菌菌门比例升高,这些微生物通过提高酶活性增强了博落回对U、Cd的耐受性和富集作用.     

2016~2018年中国城市臭氧浓度时空聚集变化规律

为揭示中国O₃浓度的时空格局及聚集变化规律,通过对2016~2018年全国338个城市1144个监测站点的O₃浓度观测数据,使用空间插值及空间自相关等方法进行分析研究.结果表明：2016~2018年全国O₃浓度（第90百分位数）总体呈现上升趋势（由2016年的141.54μg/m³上升到2018年的153.21μg/m³）,污染态势逐年加重,且华北及长江中下游等人口稠密地区O₃浓度最高,O₃浓度的空间分布呈现显著的聚集性和相似性规律,且聚集性逐年增强,O₃浓度的年聚集区主要呈现北高南低的分异,高高值聚集区主要集中在北方（城市占比22.19%~29.59%）,低低值聚集区则主要集中在南方（城市占比15.98%~22.19%）,此外,O₃浓度高高值聚集区与低低值聚集区空间分布的季节变化规律以顺时针周期性变化为主：3a来,春季集聚区分布与年集聚情况相同,夏季高高值,低低值聚集区逐渐向西扩大聚集范围,秋季则顺时针转变为东高西低的分异情况,随后高高值（低低值）聚集区沿顺时针方向南（北）移动,到冬季则转变为南高北低的空间分异情况.     

道路机动车温室气体排放评估与情景分析:以北京市为例

基于LEAP模型（long-range energy alternatives planning system）评估北京市历史阶段（2000—2018年）道路机动车温室气体排放量的变化规律,并设置5种情景预测未来阶段（2019—2030年）机动车保有量、能源需求、温室气体排放量的发展趋势,探究达峰年份,寻求最优发展路径。结果显示:未来北京市机动车保有量仍将持续增长,但平均年增长率降低至1.63%。机动车温室气体排放总量已于2013年达峰,峰值为21758563 t CO_2e,对应能源消耗量为306383 TJ,未来所有情景下机动车温室气体排放量均呈不同程度下降。单一措施中提高机动车燃料经济性的减排效果最佳,综合3种减排措施的ODS情景（最优发展情景）是最优发展路径。     

唐山市钢铁行业碳排放核算及达峰预测

唐山市作为工业密集型城市,2018年生铁、粗钢和钢材产量约占全国总产量的15%,同时也排放了大量的温室气体和大气污染物。以唐山市为例,研究唐山市钢铁生产碳排放2010—2030年的变化趋势,并确定达峰时间。基于《温室气体排放核算与报告要求》的计算方法,初步建立了可根据设备规模、运行时长、产能利用率和单位产品能耗参数来核算企业CO₂排放的数值算式,并将其应用于唐山市全部钢铁联合企业,计算得出2017年唐山市钢铁行业碳排放量为14042.52万t,碳排放系数为1.616 t CO₂/t钢。与文献、统计年鉴数据对比误差均<10%,表明数值算式有一定的准确性,可为自下而上地快速核算企业或区域的钢铁生产碳排放提供参考。同时,结合唐山市钢铁历史生产情况、生产现状及未来规划,借助LEAP构建了能源需求模型,得到2010—2030年唐山市钢铁生产化石能源消耗和碳排放量的变化趋势,并确定唐山市钢铁生产碳排放已于2018年达峰。