Investigation of adsorption/desorption behavior of Cr(Ⅵ) at the presence of inorganic and organic substance in membrane capacitive deionization(MCDI)

The adsorption and desorption behavior of Cr(Ⅵ) in membrane capacitive deionization(MCDI) was investigated systematically in the presence of bovine serum albumin(BSA) and KCl with different concentrations, respectively. Results revealed that Cr(Ⅵ) absorption was enhanced and the adsorption amount for Cr(Ⅵ) increased from 155.7 to 190.8 mg/g when KCl concentration increased from 100 to 200 mg/L in the adsorption process, which was attributed to the stronger driving force. However, the adsorption amount sharply decreased to 90.2 mg/g when KCl concentration reached up to 1000 mg/L suggesting the negative effect for Cr(Ⅵ) removal that high KCl concentration had. As for the effect of BSA on ion adsorption, the amount for Cr(Ⅵ) significantly declined to 78.3 mg/g and p H was found to be an important factor contributing to this significant reduction. Then, the desorption performance was also conducted and it was obtained that the presence of KCl had negligible effect on Cr(Ⅵ) desorption, while promoted by the addition of BSA. The incomplete desorption was obtained and the residual chromium ions onto the electrode after desorption was detected via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS). Based on above analysis, the enhanced removal mechanism for Cr(Ⅵ) in MCDI was found to be consisted of ion adsorption onto electrode surface, the redox reaction of Cr(Ⅵ) into Cr(III)and precipitation, which was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and scanning electron microscope(SEM).     

华北典型超采区浅层地下水“三氮”时空变异及驱动因素分析

山东省临清市浅层地下水已成为当地水资源的重要组成部分,当地地下水超采严重,且极易受到生活、农业生产等活动的污染。本研究采用反距离权重法(IDW)对研究区地下水中“三氮”(硝态氮、亚硝态氮和氨氮)浓度进行空间插值分析,运用聚类分析法对“三氮”浓度的时空变异性特征进行分析,在分析研究区“三氮”污染现状的基础上,进一步探究其驱动因素。结果表明,研究区地下水氮污染以“NH₄⁺-N”为主,其质量浓度变化范围为0.239~2.304 mg/L,超标率100%。受降水量影响,呈现出“三氮”质量浓度在丰水期高于平水期的时间变异特征;受土地利用与地形的影响,呈现出“三氮”质量浓度在研究区中部地形低处的旱地与农村居民用地不同的空间变异特征。生活污染和人畜排泄物是研究区地下水“NH₄⁺-N”污染的主要来源,是研究区地下水氮污染控制的重要措施;土地利用类型、地下水埋深、pH、DO、Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺等均是影响研究区地下水中“三氮”迁移转化的要素,是地下水氮污染治理不可忽略的影响因素。研究结果对了解研究区地下水“三氮”污染状况与控制治理等具有重要的意义。     

喀斯特地区典型风化剖面重金属超标程度及元素迁移特征研究

我国西南喀斯特地区是著名的重金属元素地球化学异常区。除了人类活动所导致的土壤污染问题以外,地质背景很可能是造成土壤重金属超标的重要因素。为了弄清岩石风化和成土过程中重金属的释放规律及其环境效应,本次研究以贵州省罗甸县典型的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩风化剖面为载体,采用实地调查、地球化学测试分析等手段,结合质量平衡系数的计算方法对研究剖面的重金属元素超标程度及元素迁移规律展开调查。研究结果表明:碳酸盐岩比泥质岩具有更高的重金属元素释放潜能,其风化和成土过程向环境中释放重金属的量与风化壳的发育程度有关。研究区石灰土剖面重金属元素超标程度严重,且以Cd和As的超标程度最大。地带性黄壤中Cr、Ni元素的富集很可能与剖面发育过程中铁氧化物的沉淀富集有关。综合分析认为岩性不同所导致的风化速率的差异很可能是造成碳酸盐岩和泥质岩剖面重金属淋失程度差异的主要原因。而且,重金属元素在风化剖面中的迁移规律受元素自身地球化学性质、母岩类型和风化壳发育程度等多重因素控制。     

中国建筑领域CO2排放达峰路径研究

实施建筑领域CO₂排放控制是推动我国2030年前实现碳排放达峰的关键举措. 2020年我国建筑领域运行阶段CO₂排放量为21.7×108 t,约占全国能源活动碳排放量的20%,其中直接排放6.9×108 t,间接排放14.8×108 t. 随着城镇化发展水平和居民生活消费水平的不断提升,建筑领域CO₂排放仍呈刚性增长态势. 为明确建筑领域CO₂排放达峰路径,综合考虑建筑领域发展现状和用能情况,以建筑运行中供暖、炊事等活动所需一次能源(煤炭、石油和天然气)消耗直接排放以及热电联产供暖、空调、照明、电梯、电器等外购热力和电力间接排放为核算范围,在预测不同阶段建筑发展规模、建筑能源消费、用能结构的基础上,分析未来碳排放变化趋势和达峰时间,提出达峰路径和重要政策举措. 结果表明:①2010—2020年,我国建筑领域CO₂排放量从13.2×108 t增至21.7×108 t,其中直接排放已于2017年达峰,间接排放仍在持续增长. ②从建筑规模和节能降碳措施等角度分情景开展建筑领域碳排放达峰路径研究,预测建筑领域CO₂排放将在2029—2030年左右达峰,峰值排放量为28.1×108~29.2×108 t,达峰后有2~3年的平台期. ③低碳清洁取暖、可再生能源应用、建筑节能改造和合理控制建筑规模4项措施是建筑领域实现碳排放达峰的重要举措,4项措施的减排贡献率分别达到40.7%、27.1%、17.7%和14.5%. 研究显示,2030年前,发展建筑可再生能源、强化建筑节能、合力控制建筑规模是建筑领域降碳的核心举措,而推动低碳清洁取暖是实现我国建筑领域降碳最主要的控制途径.      

重点行业/领域碳达峰成本测算及社会经济影响评估

实现重点行业碳减排需要国家、地方乃至企业投入巨大成本,如何核算重点排放行业和领域资金规模以及选取最为经济有效的碳减排措施,是我国碳达峰路径需要考虑的关键因素. 采用自下而上的降碳技术综合成本评估模型,以我国六大行业(电力、钢铁、水泥、铝冶炼、炼油和石化、煤化工)和两大领域的59项降碳措施为对象,测算了2021—2035年投资成本并模拟了上述投资可能带来的潜在宏观经济影响. 结果表明:①2021—2035年全国重点行业/领域实现碳达峰累计投入成本为34.0×1012元,其中,2030年前碳达峰累计投入成本为20.8×1012元,年均投入2.1×1012元,约占全国年均GDP的1.5%. ②实现2030年前碳达峰预计需对电力行业、重点工业行业、交通领域和建筑领域分别投资10.7×1012、1.3×1012、5.2×1012、3.6×1012元. 铝冶炼行业单位减碳成本最低〔624元/t(以CO₂计)〕,交通领域单位减碳成本最高〔47 869元/t(以CO₂计)〕. ③碳达峰将通过促进新能源产业发展、重点工业行业节能、交通领域绿色升级和绿色基础设施建设等刺激经济高质量增长,2030年前碳达峰投资累计带动GDP增长约26.2×1012元,每年新增就业岗位约677×104个. 研究显示,工业是碳减排经济性最高的领域,交通领域实现碳减排需要付出较大的投资成本,碳达峰投资将有效促进产业绿色低碳转型.      

An antifouling catechol/chitosan-modified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane for sustainable oil-in-water emulsions separation

• Underwater superoleophobic membrane was fabricated by deposition of catechol/chitosan. • The membrane had ultrahigh pure water flux and was stable under harsh pH conditions. • The membrane exhibited remarkable antifouling property in O/W emulsion separation. • The hydration layer on the membrane surface prevented oil droplets adhesion. Low-pressure membrane filtrations are considered as effective technologies for sustainable oil/water separation. However, conventional membranes usually suffer from severe pore clogging and surface fouling, and thus, novel membranes with superior wettability and antifouling features are urgently required. Herein, we report a facile green approach for the development of an underwater superoleophobic microfiltration membrane via one-step oxidant-induced ultrafast co-deposition of naturally available catechol/chitosan on a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) substrate. Membrane morphology and surface chemistry were studied using a series of characterization techniques. The as-prepared membrane retained the original pore structure due to the ultrathin and uniform catechol/chitosan coating. It exhibited ultrahigh pure water permeability and robust chemical stability under harsh pH conditions. Moreover, the catechol/chitosan hydrophilic coating on the membrane surface acting as an energetic barrier for oil droplets could minimize oil adhesion on the surface, which endowed the membrane with remarkable antifouling property and reusability in a cyclic oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion separation. The modified membrane exhibited a competitive flux of ~428 L/(m²·h·bar) after three filtration cycles, which was 70% higher than that of the pristine PVDF membrane. These results suggest that the novel underwater superoleophobic membrane can potentially be used for sustainable O/W emulsions separation, and the proposed green facile modification approach can also be applied to other water-remediation materials considering its low cost and simplicity.     

Visual modflow在模拟实验室含水砂槽中柴油运移特征中的应用

Visual modflow是一个可以对三维地下水水流和溶质运移进行数值模拟评价的标准可视化专业软件.建立了砂箱物理实验模型来研究柴油在含水砂槽中的迁移特征.通过模型检验,各个监测时期观测值和预测值相关系数r值在0.564 ～0.669之间,证明这种建模方法是合理的和有效的.利用校正的模型对实验室含水砂槽中柴油运移特征进行模拟,发现所建模型可以较为准确地反映出含水砂槽中柴油污染物的分布特征,拟合、验证和预测结果显示该模型可作为地下水管理的有效工具,这为深入研究柴油污染地下水提供理论依据.     

Municipal solid waste,an overlooked route of transmission for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Municipal solid waste could potentially transmit human pathogens during the collection, transport, handling, and disposal of waste. Workers and residents living in...     

Experimental and simulation study on bake-out with dilution ventilation technology for building materials

With recent improvements to living standards and renovations to many residential buildings, a large volume of new building materials have been utilized throughout China. Formaldehyde and other kinds of VOC pollutants, such as benzene, toluene and xylene found in new building materials, however, emit gases that may lead to some direct or potential health problems. Bake-out with dilution ventilation technology has the potential to shorten emission cycles of indoor air pollution, by which off-gassing from building materials can be reduced. In this paper, a test chamber was used to represent a newly renovated residential room in China. Experiments were conducted to study the applicability of the technology for removing of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene and xylene. A numerical method was used to simulate a 1 m3-chamber-TVOC removing amount under different operating conditions and the concentration change of TVOC during the bake-out exhaust dilution process. The effects of bake-out temperatures and times, ventilation times, and air change rates on removal are also discussed.

Implications: VOCs are the main study objective in this paper. With higher baking temperature, longer baking time and longer ventilation time, the removal efficiency is higher in experiment. Removal content of TVOC increases with the increasing number of ACH. With the consideration of energy consumption, it is more reasonable to choose a ventilation time of 4 hours if ACH is 1.2 times/h.