Short-term prediction of influent flow rate and ammonia concentration in municipal wastewater treatment plants

The prediction of the influent load is of great importance for the improvement of the control system to a large wastewater treatment plant. A systematic data analysis method is presented in this paper in order to estimate and predict the periodicity of the influent flow rate and ammonia （NH3） concentrations： 1） data filtering using wavelet decomposition and reconstruction; 2） typical cycle identification using power spectrum density analysis; 3） fitting and prediction model establishment based on an autoregressive model. To give meaningful information for feedforward control systems, predictions in different time scales are tested to compare the corresponding predicting accuracy. Considering the influence of the rainfalls, a linear fitting model is derived to estimate the relationship between flow rate trend and rain events. Measurements used to support coefficient fitting and model testing are acquired from two municipal wastewater treatment plants in China. The results show that 1） for both of the two plants, the periodicity affects the flow rate and NH3 concentrations in different cycles （especially cycles longer than 1 day）; 2） when the flow rate and NH3 concentrations present an obvious periodicity, the decreasing of prediction accuracy is not distinct with increasing of the prediction time scales; 3） the periodicity influence is larger than rainfalls; 4） the rainfalls will make the periodicity of flow rate less obvious in intensive rainy periods.     

采用实验和密度泛函理论计算揭示吸光性环境介质对多环芳烃光降解的影响机制

多环芳烃(PAHs)在环境中的光降解动力学受环境介质吸光组分的影响.为揭示介质吸光组分对PAHs光降解影响的内在机制,以吸光很弱的甲醇和吸光较强的丙酮和二甲基亚砜(DMSO)为模拟环境介质,考察不同吸光性溶剂介质对3种PAHs(菲、芘和苯并[a]芘)光解的影响;并采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,分析了溶剂分子光敏化能量/电子转移反应对PAHs光解的影响机制.结果表明,激发态的丙酮分子抑制了菲和芘的光解,而加快了苯并[a]芘的光解;激发态的DMSO分子抑制了菲的光解,促进了芘和苯并[a]芘的光解.过滤掉DMSO所吸收的部分光谱频段后,PAHs在DMSO中的光解速率与甲醇中的接近.DFT计算表明,激发态的丙酮或DMSO主要作为电子受体与PAHs发生光敏化电子转移反应,是影响PAHs光解的内在原因.     

Post-evaluation of a water pollution control plan: methodology and case study

China has developed more than 20 water pollution control plans for river basins (RBWPs) since 1996. However, the implementation has generally lagged. This paper proposes a three-step, post-evaluation methodology to analyze the implementation result of a RBWP and its influential factors. First, a multi-attribute evaluation method based on an index system is established to score the enforcement results of a RBWP. Indicators measure how well a RBWP has achieved its objectives, which include water quality compliance, pollution load control, project construction, financial inputs, and related management requirements. Second, an interpretive structural model is used to detect the significant factors that affect RBWP implementation. This model can effectively analyze the cause-effect chain and hierarchical relationship among variables. Five groups of factors were identified, namely, plan preparation, water resource endowment, policy, institution, and management. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are employed in the third step to evaluate the extent to which these factors have influenced the execution result of a RBWP, including pre-post contrast, scenario analysis, and correlation analysis. This research then post-evaluated the implementation of the Huai River Basin water pollution control plans (H-RBWPs) over a period of 10 years as a case study. Results showed that the implementation of the H-RBWPs was unsatisfactory during 2001–2005, although it improved during 2006–2010. The poor execution of these plans was partially caused by the underestimation of regional economic development in combination with ineffective industrial structure adjustment policies. Therefore, this case study demonstrates the feasibility and flexibility of the proposed post-evaluation methodology.     

Modification of the activated sludge model for chemical dosage

Full-scale experiments have been carried out to adapt the activated sludge model ASM2d to include the influence of metal dosage (Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺) for phosphorus removal. Phosphorus removal rates, nitrification rates, as well as pH and sludge settling performance, were evaluated as functions of the metal dosages. Furthermore, models relating certain parameters to the dosage of chemicals have been derived. Corresponding parameters in the ASM2d and the secondary settler models, included in the Benchmark Simulation Model No 1 (BSM1), have been modified to take the metal influence into consideration. Based on the effluent limits and penalty policy of China, an equivalent evaluation method was derived for the total cost assessment. A large number of 300-day steady-state and 14-day open-loop dynamic simulations were performed to demonstrate the difference in behavior between the original and the modified BSM1. The results show that 1) both in low and high mole concentrations, Fe³⁺ addition results in a higher phosphorus removal rate than Al³⁺; 2) the sludge settling velocity will increase due to the metal addition; 3) the respiration rate of the activated sludge is decreased more by the dosage of Al³⁺ than Fe³⁺; 4) the inhibition of Al³⁺ on the nitrification rate is stronger than that of Fe³⁺; 5) the total operating cost will reach the minimum point for smaller dosages of Fe³⁺, but always increase with Al³⁺ addition.     

加油站油气处理装置作用及VOCs排放现状

我国GB 20952-2007《加油站大气污染物排放标准》首次提出加油站安装油气处理装置,但是部分油气回收从业人员对油气处理装置的作用存在一些认识误区.通过对美国加州加油站油气处理装置的发展历程进行回顾,阐述加油站油气处理装置的作用,并对油气处理装置VOCs(挥发性有机物)的排放现状进行全口径检测和分析.结果表明:①油气处理装置是加油站油气回收系统的重要组成部分,主要用于控制Stage Ⅰ(卸油油气回收系统或第一阶段油气回收系统)和Stage Ⅱ(加油油气回收系统或第二阶段油气回收系统)工作时埋地油罐压力增加所导致的无组织排放,但它不能取代Stage Ⅰ.②2016-2018年北京市油气处理装置NMHC(非甲烷总烃)排放浓度分别为5.43、3.67和2.30 g/m3,达标率由98.5%升至99.7%;春、夏、秋、冬四季NMHC平均排放浓度分别为3.54、4.68、3.13和1.64 g/m3,其中夏季NMHC排放浓度最高;"吸附"和"冷凝+膜"处理效果略优于"膜分离".③2017年北京市油气处理装置NMHC排放浓度相对于排放标准(≤ 20 g/m3)的达标率为97.6%,NMHC排放浓度≤ 10 g/m3的比例为90.4%.研究显示,加油站油气处理装置是埋地油罐压力控制装置,为减少油罐及其附属设施的无组织排放发挥了重要作用,值得进一步开展研究.      

雨水花园土壤重金属的累积效应与污染风险研究

土壤中重金属累积可污染土壤和地下水,危害人类身体健康.雨水花园作为海绵城市建设过程中雨水径流集中入渗的重要措施之一,长期雨水径流集中入渗导致雨水花园土壤发生重金属累积和污染风险.本文以陕西省西安市某高校内雨水花园为研究对象,该雨水花园建成于2011年,运行至今（2020年）,汇流面积为604.7 m²,汇流比为20：1,主要收集屋面雨水.雨水花园土壤重金属监测时间为2017年4月—2019年4月,采用富集系数法、单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法对雨水花园重金属累积和污染风险进行评价.结果表明：雨水花园各土层均有3种元素（Cu、Zn、Cd）累积,Cu在土壤中小幅累积,Zn在土壤表层轻微富集,其它各层基本未富集;Cd在不同土层中富集程度不同,且易受人为活动影响.经单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法分析评价,Cu、Zn元素虽有累积,但未达到污染标准;各层土壤均受到Cd的污染,污染等级均为轻污染.     

华中地区水库沉积物重金属抗性基因的赋存特征及影响因素分析

环境中重金属抗性基因（Metal resistance genes,MRGs）的迁移转化作为环境及生态领域的重要研究内容近年来备受关注,但目前环境中重金属是否是MRGs的重要驱动因素则尚不明确.本研究采用宏基因组技术对华中地区水库沉积物MRGs进行了定量,并分析了不同形态重金属在MRGs迁移转化过程中起到的作用.结果表明,trcop （抗Cu基因）及arsM （抗砷基因）是水库环境中的主要MRGs,供水水库之间MRGs分布并无地域性差异.czrA （多抗基因）的潜在宿主菌较为广泛,trcop及arsM很可能位于同一种可移动遗传元件上进行水平转移.重金属总量与MRGs之间并无明显联系,而可交换态及碳酸盐结合态（B1）则是环境中MRGs的重要驱动因素.     

代表性二级处理、三级处理和湿地生态修复技术对城镇污水人源干细胞毒性的削减

污水中的难降解污染物往往具有浓度低但毒性强的特点,可以通过多种暴露途径直接或间接对人体健康产生有害影响,因此有必要评估污水处理技术对健康效应的削减效果.本研究选择人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow mesenchy-mal stem cells,hBMSCs)体外模型,评估典型二级处理、三级处理和湿地修复技术进水、主要工艺排水的综合毒性,并与发光菌急性毒性测试结果进行比较.水样萃取物对hBMSCs的细胞毒性呈剂量依赖性关系,进水毒性单位(toxicity unit,TU)在0.03～ 0.22范围内,出水TU为0.02 ～ 0.03.二级处理技术对细胞毒性的削减率为59.8％.三级处理过程中经混凝、微滤和反渗透处理后,出水无显著细胞毒性,但经臭氧消毒后最终排水的细胞毒性较进水无显著变化.湿地修复技术对细胞毒性的削减率为49.9％.66.7％ (14/21)水样品对于hBMSCs细胞毒性的TU值高于发光菌急性毒性的TU值.在相对富集倍数(related fold enrichment,REF)20％效应浓度(EC20)下,二级处理和三级处理技术对污水hBMSCs细胞毒性的削减率低于发光菌急性毒性,但湿地修复技术对细胞毒性的削减率高于发光菌急性毒性.结果 提示污水处理厂排水中残留的难降解有机污染物对人源干细胞具有较强的有害效应,为再生水水质安全性评价以及城镇污水资源化技术研发提供参考依据和方法.     

脆弱生态区类型划分及其脆弱特征分析

本文应用聚类分析方法,根据全国各县市耕地面积等26项指标的有关数据,对我国生态区进行了类型划分,还分别以环境资源因子、经济发展水平因子、经济技术替代能力因子、域外支持能力因子以及社会发展水平因子等5类因子为聚类变量,对我国脆弱生态区进行了类型划分,并对脆弱特征进行了分析。     

罗丹明6G共振散射光谱法测定水中痕量六价铬

在 0 .0 4mol/L H2 SO4 和 8.0× 10 - 4mol/L KI介质中 ,罗丹明 6G ( Rh G)在 5 80 nm处有 1个同步荧光峰。当有 Cr( )存在时 ,Cr( )与过量的 I-反应生成 I- 3,I- 3与 Rh G形成缔合微粒 ,在 32 0、40 0、5 95 nm处产生 3个共振散射 ( RS)峰 ;而在 5 80nm处荧光峰猝灭。六价铬浓度在 1.0× 10 - 7～ 2 0× 10 - 7mol/L范围内与 40 0 nm波长处的共振散射光强度成线性关系。据此建立了测定水中六价铬的共振散射光谱分析法。光谱研究结果表明 ,( Rh G-I3) n缔合微粒和界面的形成是导致体系 RS增强的根本原因。