基于Copula函数的汉江中上游流域极端降雨洪水联合分布特征

选取汉江中上游流域作为研究对象,根据流域九个气象站点1969~2008年逐日降雨资料以及丹江口水库同时期日入库流量资料,采用年最大值法(AM)和百分位法两种选样方式选取1 d、3 d降雨和1 d、3 d洪量极值样本,分别运用广义极值分布(GEV)、广义帕累托分布(GPD)、伽玛分布(Gamma)3种极值统计模型对样本进行单变量边缘分布拟合,运用Gumbel、Clayton以及Frank Copula函数模型对样本进行多变量联合分布拟合,遴选出描述流域降雨和洪水联合分布规律的最优概率模型。结果显示:对于AM选样样本,边缘分布为GEV时降雨洪量的二维和三维联合分布Frank Copula函数拟合效果最优;对于百分位选样样本,边缘分布为GPD时降雨洪量的二维联合分布Gumbel Copula函数拟合效果最优,三维联合分布则是Frank Copula函数拟合效果最优;比较二维和三维Copula函数模拟结果,三维联合Copula函数推求的设计值更大,说明三维联合分布考虑了更多的变量和极值信息,能更全面地反映极端降雨洪水事件的真实特征,对工程设计更显安全。     

水环境中的碘化X-射线造影剂及其去除工艺研究进展

碘化X-射线造影剂(Iodinated X-ray contrast media,ICM)在水环境中被广泛检出,因其近期被发现是碘化消毒副产物的前体物而受到越来越多的关注.本文总结了ICM在污水、地表水和饮用水等水环境中的污染现状;分析了ICM的转化产物及转化机制;重点介绍了ICM的去除工艺,包括高级氧化技术、辐射技术以及生物降解转化技术;讨论了ICM及其降解转化产物可能对环境造成的生态风险.最后,本文对未来ICM的研究前景进行了展望.     

物种敏感度分布法（SSD）在农药水质基准推导中的应用

水质基准推导方法在水质基准制定中起着至关重要的作用,物种敏感度分布法是目前国际上常用的基准推导方法,但利用此方法推导水质基准时,可选用的模型很多,但并不是所有的模型都能很好地拟合农药毒性数据集。为了筛选得到拟合优度较好的模型,选取4种典型农药,对采用不同模型拟合物种敏感度分布曲线的结果进行比较研究。结果显示,sigmoid、Gaussian、Gompertz和exponential growth 4种模型对于农药数据集,无论是在曲线走势、HC5值的合理性还是拟合优度方面的拟合效果都优于其他几种模型。因此,在应用物种敏感度分布法推导农药水质基准时,可以首选上述4种模型进行拟合,然后再从中选出最优模型来确定基准值,从而保证基准值推导的科学性。研究结果可为农药水质基准制定时推导方法的选择提供科学参考。     

中型城市发展循环经济研究初探

以山东沿海城市日照为例,从转变发展思路、实践科学发展观,破解发展瓶颈、促进经济社会可持续发展,保持资源环境优势、增强区域持续竞争力三个方面分析了日照市发展循环经济的必要性和重要性。提出抓好“小循环”,构筑循环经济微观基础;搞好“中循环”,构筑循环经济示范基地;推进“大循环”,努力建设循环型社会是在当前中小城市经济欠发达、面临环境保护和发展经济双重压力下,实现经济社会又快又好发展的一条好路。     

Daily Bank Erosion Rates in the Lower Yellow River Before and After Dam Construction

During the period of water impoundment and sediment detention of the Sanmenxia Reservoir, riverbank erosion processes played a key role in the channel evolution of the Lower Yellow River (LYR). However, research into bank erosion rates of the LYR has been neglected due to the lack of direct field monitoring. In this study, an indirect method is proposed to determine bank erosion rates at daily time scales by outlining a detailed calculation procedure using measured hydrological data. A total of 810 data points of daily bank erosion rates before and after the construction of Sanmenxia Dam was calculated at seven hydrometric sections along the LYR, with the corresponding values of the bank stability coefficient and the width‐to‐depth ratio also being calculated. Empirical relations were then developed to estimate the daily bank erosion rates, using these parameters at the sections. Temporal and spatial variability in daily bank erosion rates in the LYR before and after dam construction were also investigated, revealing that: (1) the bank erosion rates had a mean value of 16.7‐29.1 m/day in the braided reach, with a maximum value of 290.0 m/day, while they were relatively low in the meandering reach, with a mean value of 2.5 m/day; (2) the erosion rates before dam construction were slightly greater than those after dam construction, with the difference reaching 5‐10 m/day in the braided reach, decreasing in the transitional reach gradually, and being slight in the meandering reach.     

集成膜法水处理工艺的研究与应用

集成膜法除盐系统具有连续产水、出水质量好、易控制、占地少、不需酸碱、利于环保等优点。文章通过对集成膜法水处理技术进行研究与应用,将原有的化学除盐水处理方式改为集成膜法水处理工艺,该方法产水水质高且水质稳定,每年可节约酸碱200 t,阴、阳离子交换树脂10 t,切实解决电厂所面临的产水水质不稳定、酸碱废液排放等问题,有力推动了清洁生产。     

Genetic evidence of promiscuity in Peromyscus leucopus

Summary We collected pregnant female Peromyscus leucopus from natural populations during the summer of 1987 and 1988 and allowed these females to give birth to their field-conceived young in the laboratory. Blood samples were taken by suborbital puncture and phenotypes of five genetic loci (Esterase-1, trasferrin, hemoglobin, albumin and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were studied using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis to detect multiple paternity in single litters. Only esterase-1 was found to be highly polymorphic, with four alleles in samples of both years. One litter out of 29 in 1987 and 6 litters out of 32 in 1988 contained three different paternal alleles and served as direct evidence of multiple paternity in the field. The proportion of females engaging in multiple matings in natural populations of P. leucopus, assuming that all males were involved in every multiple mating, is 25%–100% (mean 68%). Because it is unlikely that all males are involved in every multiple mating, the actual proportion of females engaging in multiple matings should be greater. Offprint requests to: X. Xia at his Canadian address     

不同煅烧温度制备的Mn、N掺杂TiO2光催化性能研究

以MnSO4·H2O为锰源,尿素为氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同锻烧温度的纯TiO2、Mn-TiO2及Mn-N-TiO2光催化剂,利用X射线衍射、紫外-可见光漫反射光谱及电子自旋共振等技术对样品形貌和结构进行表征,并以罗丹明B的光催化降解为模型反应,考察不同锻烧温度对其光催化活性的影响.结果表明,Mn、N成功掺入TiO2后,有利于提高光催化剂的热稳定性,抑制锐钛矿相向金红石相转化,且光吸收拓展到可见光区域.Mn、N共掺杂样品比单Mn掺杂样品具有更高的光催化活性,400℃下锻烧的Mn-N-TiO2在可见光下对罗丹明B的降解具有最高的光催化活性,光照2h降解率达到100%.高温锻烧Mn-N-TiO2和Mn-TiO2样品在紫外光照射30min后对罗丹明B的降解率在90%以上.     

厌氧序批式反应器预处理垃圾渗滤液的碳平衡研究

为初步了解垃圾渗滤液中有机物降解过程的物质和能量转化,对渗滤液实际处理工程提供借鉴,在最优工艺参数条件下,分别用处于中温(35±1)℃和常温状态的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理。通过对反应器内的液相、气相和固相碳素进行全面的分析测定,结果表明:中温(常温)条件下,整个反应周期内约有86.4%(77.6%)的碳进入气相,约有1.7%(1.4%)的碳进入固相,其余约11.7%(22.3%)的碳仍存于液相中;其中,进入气相部分的碳有77.6%(71.3%)以甲烷形式存在,8.8%(4.7%)以二氧化碳形式存在,这说明ASBR预处理垃圾渗滤液过程中产生的甲烷资源化利用潜力较大。另外,反应器在中温状态下较常温状态处理效果更佳。