不同碳链长度的离子液体对大型溞摄食行为的影响

用细胞计数法研究了不同碳链长度的离子液体对大型溢滤水率和摄食率的影响.结果表明,随着碳链长度的增加,离子液体对大型溞的48 h急性毒性增大,其LC50在49μg/L和15 326μg/L之间.不同碳链长度的离子液体都显著地降低了大型溞的滤水率和摄食率,其最大浓度处理组分别比对照降低T60%～84%.结果提示,离子液体对大型溞摄食行为具有很大的毒性影响,因此对水生环境可能也具有潜在的生态风险.图1表1参25     

100年来东湖富营养化发生的沉积学记录

在210Pb计年的基础上,运用水生生物遗存、色素、有机碳同位素和磁化率分析了东湖钻孔沉积物中的生物与环境信息,重建了东湖100多年来湖泊营养与环境演化历史.研究发现东湖100多年来在人类活动不断增强的背景下,指示重金属污染的磁化率和指示湖泊富营养化的色素指标如蓝藻叶黄素(Myx)、颤藻黄素(Osc)快速上升,相应的水生生物如介形虫、腹足类、水生高等植物等表现明显的组合和变化阶段,同时有机碳同位素偏正与湖泊生产力升高和藻类繁盛有关.沉积记录表明东湖生态系统近代发生了深刻变化,湖泊营养演化自早至晚呈现四阶段性:贫营养阶段(1900-1966AD)色素水平低、拥有较丰富的水生高等植物和腹足类;中营养阶段(1966-1983AD)色素含量增高、水生高等植物和腹足类减少;富营养化阶段(1983-1989AD)色素含量快速增高、水生高等植物消失;超富营养化阶段(1989AD－至今)色素含量稳定居高、某些耐污染的介形类较繁盛.结果对于认识湖泊生态环境演化与人类活动的关系、以及如何治理湖泊环境具有现实的意义.     

Enhanced atrazine removal using membrane bioreactor bioaugmented with genetically engineered microorganism

Bioaugmentation with genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for enhanced removal of recalcitrant pollutants was explored. An atrazine-degrading genetically engineered microorganism (GEM) with green fluorescent protein was inoculated into an MBR and the effects of such a bioaugmentation strategy on atrazine removal were investigated. The results show that atrazine removal was improved greatly in the bioaugmented MBR compared with a control system. After a start-up period of 6 days, average 94.7% of atrazine was removed in bioaugmented MBR when atrazine concentration of influent was 14.5 mg/L. The volumetric removal rates increased linearly followed by atrazine loading increase and the maximum was 65.5 mg/(L·d). No negative effects were found on COD removal although carbon oxidation activity of bioaugmented sludge was lower than that of common sludge. After inoculation, adsorption to sludge flocs was favorable for GEM survival. The GEM population size initially decreased shortly and then was kept constant at about 10⁴–10⁵ CFU/mL. Predation of micro-organisms played an important role in the decay of the GEM population. GEM leakage from MBR was less than 10² CFU/mL initially and was then undetectable. In contrast, in a conventionally activated sludge bioreactor (CAS), sludge bulking occurred possibly due to atrazine exposure, resulting in bioaugmentation failure and serious GEM leakage. So MBR was superior to CAS in atrazine bioaugmentation treatment using GEM.     

准好氧填埋渗滤液中氮转化机理

依据准好氧填埋的原理构建了填埋试验装置,在填埋装置各个层次设计采样装置.定期采集渗滤液进行分析,测定各个层次区域渗滤液中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮和总氮的质量浓度,分析各形态氮之间的变化规律与相关性,初步探讨氮转化的机理.结果表明,准好氧填埋上层区域中,渗滤液的氨氮与硝态氮质量浓度变化相关性极显著;中层和下层区域由于处于兼氧和厌氧状态,硝化作用较弱,渗滤液中氨氮与硝态氮质量浓度变化相关性不显著.上层渗滤液中氨氮与总氮相关性不显著,中层和下层氨氮与总氮相关性极显著,表明中层和下层区域中,渗滤液的氨氮质量浓度变化是导致总氮含量变化的主要贡献因素.     

静态条件下底泥中不同形态磷的变化规律

上覆水中磷被结合到底泥中时,不同形态磷的数量将会改变, 由此导致磷的释放能力和生物有效性被显著改变.以富营养化河道上覆水和底泥为材料,考察了静态条件下,底泥中不同形态磷的变化规律及其对磷的生物有效性的影响.结果表明, 潜在活性磷(PMP)含量显著增加,NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-nrP分别增加了297.68%、1O.73%、30.49%.难释放态磷则基本保持不变.潜在活性磷对生物有效磷的形成具有显著的影响,4种生物有效磷中的3种(WSP、Olsen-P、AAP)均与其在a<0.01水平上显著正相关,并且其对AAP形成的影响最为显著.因此推测,静态条件下,当上覆水中磷向底泥迁移时,首先会形成潜在活性磷和生物有效磷.     

PDMS半透膜采样装置的制作研究

水中痕量持久性有机污染物的监测是经典的分析化学难题,传统分析方法既费时又费材料,且只能测定某一时间点的浓度.三油酸甘油脂半透膜被动采样器虽能克服传统方法的一些缺点,但对膜的要求较高.通过在一个固定于不锈钢网上,扁平、密封的商品低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)膜袋夹层中均匀涂布聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS),制作出一种新的半透膜被动采样器.用此被动采样器在混合多氯联苯(PCBs)的过饱和水溶液中反复模拟采样,测得半透膜最佳富集时间、时间和富集量的关系曲线以及其它特性.使用气质联用仪测得的数据证明此装置可用于水体中多氯联苯等痕量持久性有机污染物的采集和定量分析,其线性富集时间可达 9 d,富集率大约为3×103 ~ 6×103倍,为今后的环境监测提供了一种制作简单、使用方便、富集率好、费用低廉的新方法.     

鼎湖山格木种群动态分析

对格木(Erythrophleum fordii)种群的生态环境及生长曲线和种群动态的研究,能揭示其生态特性和种群发展轨迹,对保护、繁殖这一珍稀植物种质具有积极的意义.在对鼎湖山国家自然保护区内的格木群落物种多样性测定的基础上,以国际上通用的CTFS规范对格木群落进行野外调查.文章首次通过对格木种群运用加速单纯形迭代法,逐次把种群数量数据代入6个种群动态模型方程进行拟合分析,得出实际的格木种群动态模型,比较残差平方和、决定系数和F检验显著性概率值,得出格木种群模型的适用度顺序依次为:李新运模型、张大勇模型、宋丁全模型、logistic模型、密度制约模型、崔启武模型.选用李新运模型,确定格木种群大小初始值的精确值N0后,把数据迭代入李新运模型重新拟合,结果显示,拟合优度进一步提高,并且可得知,该格木种群远未达到种群饱和态,而且也没达到种群增长最快处,还处于加速增长状态.故这个时期应该加大保护力度,建立监测体系,以维系格木群落的稳定发展.     

塑料废弃物污染的综合治理研究进展

近年来,随着经济的发展,废旧塑料大幅增加,塑料废弃物所造成污染已经成为了破坏环境的主要因素之一.塑料废弃物污染即所谓的白色污染,主要是由废旧塑料高分子的不可降解性和添加剂的毒害性引起的.文章在对白色污染产生的背景及其污染危害的基础上,讨论了治理白色污染的治理的两个方面,一方面对可降解塑料和对废旧塑料的回收再生两个主要的技术研究开发方向进行了综述和展望,详细介绍了光降解塑料、光-生物双降解塑料和生物降解塑料的研发进展,并对填埋、焚烧和再生三种塑料废弃物的处理方法进行了详细的分析;另一方面就立足循环经济理论,加强政策法规的运用,同时加强宣传教育等方面的问题进行了讨论,并提出了相应的对策.     

O3浓度升高对不同生长期冬小麦叶片抗氧化系统的影响

由于人口的快速增长,人类活动导致近地层O3浓度不断提高,O3浓度升高将对植物、动物和人体健康产生极大的危害.采用开顶式气室(OTC)原位实验方法,研究O3浓度升高对不同生长期冬小麦叶片抗氧化系统的影响,进而分析O3对植物的伤害机制.结果表明,O3浓度升高可导致冬小麦拔节期和抽穗期叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶...     

Postfire stand structure in a semiarid savanna: cross-scale challenges estimating biomass.

Algorithms relating remotely sensed woody cover to biomass are often the basis for large-scale inventories of aboveground carbon stocks. However, these algorithms are commonly applied in a generic fashion without consideration of disturbances that might alter vegetation structure. We compared field and remote sensing estimates of woody biomass on savannas with contrasting disturbance (fire) histories and assessed potential errors in estimating woody biomass from cover without considering fire history. Field surveys quantified multilayer cover (MLC) of woody and succulent plants on sites experiencing wildfire in 1989 or 1994 and on nearby unburned (control) sites. Remote sensing estimates of the woody cover fraction (WCF) on burned and control sites were derived from contemporary (2005) dry-season Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery (during a period when herbaceous cover was senescent) using a probabilistic spectral mixture analysis model. Satellite WCF estimates were compared to field MLC assessments and related to aboveground biomass using allometry. Field-based MLC and remotely sensed WCFs both indicated that woody cover was comparable on control areas and areas burned 11-16 years ago. However, biomass was approximately twofold higher on control sites. Canopy cover was a strong predictor of woody biomass on burned and control areas, but fire history significantly altered the linear cover-biomass relationship on control plots to a curvilinear relationship on burned plots. Results suggest predictions of woody biomass from "generic" two-dimensional (2-D) cover algorithms may underestimate biomass in undisturbed stands and overestimate biomass in stands recovering from disturbance. Improving the accuracy of woody-biomass estimates from field and/or remotely sensed cover may therefore require disturbance-specific models or detection of vegetation height and transforming 2-D vegetation cover to 3-D vegetation volume.