道路雨水径流溶解性有机物与重金属结合作用分析

为了解道路雨水径流溶解性有机物(DOM)与重金属的相互作用,采用荧光激发-发射矩阵光谱、超滤、离子选择电极法及红外光谱等技术对道路雨水径流溶解性有机物及其组分同Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的络合作用进行了研究.结果表明,道路雨水径流DOM与3种重金属离子的络合作用由强到弱依次是:Cu~(2+)Pb~(2+)Cd~(2+),4种分子量DOM组分与重金属之间均发生了络合反应,且DOM组分分子量越小,与重金属之间的络合作用越强.4个不同分子量区间的DOM组分与Cu~(2+)、Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)之间的络合作用由强到弱的顺序为:1 kDa组分、1~10 kDa组分、10~30kDa组分、30 kDa~0.45μm组分.     

氯苯紫外光降解产物对生物过滤塔运行性能的影响

生物过滤技术对难生物降解VOCs的处理效果较差,构建紫外光降解-生物过滤联合处理工艺是解决难生物降解VOCs处理的一个有效手段.已有研究表明,紫外光降解预处理对氯苯生物过滤塔的去除性能有促进作用.为了考察紫外预处理对生物过滤塔的影响机理,本研究分别考察了氯苯紫外光降解主要产物氯酚、乙酸以及副产物臭氧对生物过滤塔运行性能的影响.研究结果表明,加入乙酸降低了生物过滤塔的氯苯去除性能,在增加喷淋量后去除性能有所恢复.加入邻氯酚使生物过滤塔的氯苯去除性能略有降低.臭氧明显促进了生物过滤塔的氯苯去除性能,当进口臭氧浓度在60～120mg.m-3时,氯苯平均去除率可由70%提高到90%以上.因此,臭氧是紫外预处理促进生物过滤塔运行性能的主要因素.     

酿酒酵母对Ag+的吸附特性研究

为了深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附贵金属离子Ag⁺的特性,研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、初始pH值、温度对废弃酿酒酵母吸附Ag⁺的影响,并分析了动力学、热力学以及等温吸附特性.结果表明,酵母吸附Ag⁺的过程进行得很快,当Ag⁺初始浓度为1 mmol·L^-1、细胞浓度2 g·L^-1条件下,反应10 min,Ag⁺可以达到平衡吸附量的86%以上.随后在24 h内吸附量缓慢增加,去除率基本维持在51%～55%左右.酵母吸附Ag⁺的过程可以用准一级和准二级动力学方程描述,后者模拟效果更好.酵母吸附Ag⁺的等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程描述,但Freundlich方程拟合效果较差.当Ag⁺初始浓度为0～8 mmol·L^-1、酵母浓度2 g·L^-1条件下,酵母吸附Ag⁺的Langmuir理论饱和生物吸附容量为0.385 mmol·g^-1.在pH 2.0～7.2范围内,吸附量随着溶液初始pH值升高而升高.10～40℃范围内,温度对酵母吸附Ag⁺的影响不如pH值的影响显著,特别是在低离子浓度下尤其如此.酵母吸附Ag⁺的较适宜温度为20～30℃.热力学分析表明,酵母吸附Ag⁺具有自发性、熵增特征.     

Influences of working pressure on properties for TiO2 films deposited by DC pulse magnetron sputtering

TiO2 films were deposited at room temperature by DC pulse magnetron sputtering system.The crystalline structures,morphological features and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 films were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD),atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet spectrophotometer,respectively.The results indicated that the working pressure was the key deposition parameters influencing the TiO2 film phase composition at room temperature,which directly affected its photocatalytic activity.With increasing the working pressure,the target self-bias decreases monotonously.Therefore,low temperature TiO2 phase (anatase) could be deposited with high working pressure.The anatase TiO2 films deposited with 1.4 Pa working pressure displayed the highest photocatalytic activity by decomposition of Methyl Orange solution,which the degradation rate reached the maximum (35%) after irradiation by ultraviolet light for 1 h.     

紫外光降解反应器去除氯苯气体模型的建立与应用

从光化学反应过程出发,基于线性光源球面辐射能量分布（LSSE）,以反应器内部空间的辐射能吸收密度、空塔停留时间、进口浓度等为主要参数,建立了气相环境中紫外光化学反应器去除氯苯的数学模型.结果表明,建立的模型能很好地模拟和预测紫外光化学反应器对氯苯气体的去除性能.氯苯气体的紫外光化学反应表现出一级反应动力学的特征.该模型包含了紫外光降解反应器设计的主要参数,同时被用于预测了反应器在不同进口浓度和不同空塔停留时间条件下的出口氯苯浓度,进而获得不同进口浓度达标排放所需要的最小空塔停留时间,为气相污染物的紫外光降解反应器的设计与运行提供了重要的理论指导.     

Traffic accident reconstruction and an approach for prediction of fault rates using artificial neural networks: A case study in Turkey

Objective: Currently, in Turkey, fault rates in traffic accidents are determined according to the initiative of accident experts (no speed analyses of vehicles just considering accident type) and there are no specific quantitative instructions on fault rates related to procession of accidents which just represents the type of collision (side impact, head to head, rear end, etc.) in No. 2918 Turkish Highway Traffic Act (THTA 1983). The aim of this study is to introduce a scientific and systematic approach for determination of fault rates in most frequent property damage–only (PDO) traffic accidents in Turkey.

Methods: In this study, data (police reports, skid marks, deformation, crush depth, etc.) collected from the most frequent and controversial accident types (4 sample vehicle–vehicle scenarios) that consist of PDO were inserted into a reconstruction software called vCrash. Sample real-world scenarios were simulated on the software to generate different vehicle deformations that also correspond to energy-equivalent speed data just before the crash. These values were used to train a multilayer feedforward artificial neural network (MFANN), function fitting neural network (FITNET, a specialized version of MFANN), and generalized regression neural network (GRNN) models within 10-fold cross-validation to predict fault rates without using software. The performance of the artificial neural network (ANN) prediction models was evaluated using mean square error (MSE) and multiple correlation coefficient (R).

Results: It was shown that the MFANN model performed better for predicting fault rates (i.e., lower MSE and higher R) than FITNET and GRNN models for accident scenarios 1, 2, and 3, whereas FITNET performed the best for scenario 4. The FITNET model showed the second best results for prediction for the first 3 scenarios. Because there is no training phase in GRNN, the GRNN model produced results much faster than MFANN and FITNET models. However, the GRNN model had the worst prediction results. The R values for prediction of fault rates were close to 1 for all folds and scenarios.

Conclusions: This study focuses on exhibiting new aspects and scientific approaches for determining fault rates of involvement in most frequent PDO accidents occurring in Turkey by discussing some deficiencies in THTA and without regard to initiative and/or experience of experts. This study yields judicious decisions to be made especially on forensic investigations and events involving insurance companies. Referring to this approach, injury/fatal and/or pedestrian-related accidents may be analyzed as future work by developing new scientific models.     

金华市义乌江沉积物磁性特征与重金属污染

对浙江省金华市义乌江采集的边滩沉积物柱样,进行了系统的环境磁学、粒度、地球化学分析,以探讨环境磁学方法诊断河流沉积物重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,柱样磁性特征由亚铁磁性矿物主导,其垂向变化受到粒度和早期成岩作用的一定影响.柱样中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量及其富集因子除底部外,自下而上呈增加趋势,指示了柱样上部存在人为来源的重金属污染.柱样沉积物磁性特征与重金属含量及其富集因子的垂向变化存在相似性,其中磁化率(χ)、频率磁化率(χfd%)和硬剩磁(HIRM)与Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb的含量具有显著的正相关关系,反映了磁性矿物与重金属具有相同的来源,或者细颗粒磁性矿物对重金属的吸附作用.上述结果表明,磁学方法可用于指示义乌江的重金属污染.但由于义乌江属于开放性的河流环境系统,磁性特征变化受多重因素影响,增加了利用磁学手段定量诊断重金属污染的复杂性.     

船载GNSS-R有效波高测量的初步研究

本文阐述了基于干涉复数场(ICF)相关时间方法的GNSS-R测量有效波高的技术原理,利用大连海事大学教学实习船育鲲轮平台和Oceanpal接收机,进行了国内首次船载GNSS-R有效波高测量实验。通过与船上安装的WAVEX雷达波浪仪数据进行对比,二者之间的一致性验证了船载观测平台的可行性,为深入广泛开展GNSS-R海洋动力环境监测提供了依据。     

海水中Cu2+和Cr3+对PFOS在沉积物上吸附行为的影响规律

为了解重金属与全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)共存情况下,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附规律,本研究分别测定了在海水和淡水条件下添加不同浓度的Cu2+和Cr3+(0.5~50 mM)后,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附行为。结果表明,随着[Cu2+]的增加,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附能力和非线性均增强,且当溶液中PFOS浓度越低,增强作用越明显。与淡水相比,海水环境下该增强作用更为明显。随着[Cr3+]的增加,PFOS在沉积物上的吸附能力和非线性略有增强,且海水和淡水环境中增强作用几乎相同。对比发现,海水中Cu2+对PFOS在沉积物上的吸附增强效应比Cr3+更加明显。本文研究结果将有助于定量了解和预测PFOS和重金属复合污染情况下,PFOS在海水环境中的迁移规律,并为科学评价海洋环境中PFOS和重金属的生态风险及其总量控制提供技术支撑。     

林地面积增加提高了农户营林积极性吗?——基于9省1 504个农户数据的倾向值匹配分析

论文利用9省1 504个农户调研数据,实证检验了新一轮集体林改后林地面积增加对农户营林积极性的因果效应。考虑到农户对林地经营面积决策的内生性问题,采用倾向值匹配方法对选择性偏差进行控制。匹配后,处理组和控制组在多个标准上均通过了平衡性检验。结果显示,林地面积增加确实促进了农户营林积极性的提高,但这是一个缓慢的动态调整过程。其中,资本投入强度在2010年以后才逐步表现为显著增加,增长率约为25%~27%,2013年进一步强化为28%~34%。资本投入强度的增加主要是由化肥和农药投入增加引起的,对种苗的投入强度并没有显著改善。这种差异说明,新一轮林改提高了农户的森林经营和管护积极性,但对造林行为的影响有限。同时农户并没有因为林地面积增加而显著提高劳动力的投入强度。这种资本对劳动的替代与农户的非农就业行为密切相关。