城市生态文明建设评价指标体系构建

城市作为人类环境问题和危机产生的重要策源地,建立反映城市生态环境问题和生态文明建设状态的评价指标体系,依据评价结论,指导城市生态文明建设十分必要。文章在城市作为社会—经济—自然复合人工生态系统的理论基础上,分析了社会生态亚系统、经济生态亚系统及自然生态亚系统相互作用关系和城市生态系统主要生物成分组成、结构与功能关系,系统的构建了符合中国国情的城市生态文明评价指标体系。该体系以生态经济、生态环境质量、生态社会为评价要素,下设12个一级指标及42个二级指标,为评价中国城市生态文明建设水平提供科学依据。     

贵州找水工程高氟地下水分布特征及成因分析

通过对贵州省2007~2012年找水工程中所钻1 023口机井的水质资料收集分析可知:有34口机井的氟含量超标(1.02~3.72 mg/L)。本文以这34口机井为研究对象,从地理位置、地形地貌、地层岩性、涌水量、地下水类型等方面分析机井高氟地下水分布特征,并对其成因进行探讨,重点分析其水化学特征,对F-与其他组分进行相关性分析表明:其大致表现出F--Ca2+、F--SO42-、F--(总硬度-总碱度)、F--Ca2+/(K++Na+)彼此的正相关关系,与pH有关,而与其他离子的关系不明显。     

超声波/H_2O_2工艺对活性藏青废水的脱色处理

采用超声波/H2O2工艺对活性藏青模拟废水进行降解,考察了双氧水投加量、废水初始pH值、废水初始浓度、无机阴离子、金属离子等因素对降解效果的影响。结果表明:在pH为2,反应温度为50℃,H2O2投加量为33.3 mg/L,金属离子催化作用下,超声波/H2O2对活性藏青降解率可达92.7%,远远高出单独超声波作用时的降解率8.5%,COD Mn去除率达86.9%。这主要是因为在超声波的空化作用下H2O2会迅速产生·OH自由基增强了氧化降解效果,充分发挥了两者的协同作用。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法快速测定土壤中多环芳烃

通过索氏提取和固相萃取等方法提取富集土壤中多环芳烃,利用高效液相色谱和紫外检测器检测,可稳定和准确地检测土壤中的多环芳烃。本方法加标回收率在82.7%⁹6.2%之间,相对标准偏差小于10%。     

巢湖流域农田氮磷污染物径流流失及淋溶特性

分别对巢湖流域水田和旱田降雨径流和雨水淋溶污染情况进行了测定,测定结果表明:水田径流中氨氮、硝态氮、溶解磷和COD浓度明显高于旱田径流中相应污染物浓度值,水田径流中总磷浓度在部分测定时间相差不大,其余测点值均高于旱田径流中总磷浓度值。水田淋溶液中氨氮和硝态氮浓度同旱田淋溶液中相差不大,多数情况下水田淋溶液中溶解磷和总磷浓度同旱田淋溶液中相差不大;淋溶液中氨氮、硝态氮、溶解磷、总磷浓度均显著高于径流中;水田淋溶液中COD值略低于水田径流中COD值;旱田淋溶液中COD浓度均值与旱田径流中COD浓度均值相差不大。     

Synthesis and enhanced visible-light responsive of C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres

C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres （labeled as C,N,S-THs） were synthesized using carbon spheres as template and C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 nanoparticles as building blocks. The structure and physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectrum （DRS）, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and Photoluminescence emission spectroscopy （PL）. The results showed that the hollow spheres had average diameter of about 200 nm and the shell thickness was about 20 nm. The tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres exhibited strong absorption in the visible-light region. C,N,S-tridoped could narrow the band gap of the THs by mixing the orbit O 2p with C 2p, N 2p and S 3p orbits and shift its optical response from ultraviolet （UV） to the visible-light region. PL analysis indicated that the electron-hole recombination rate of TiO2 hollow spheres had been effectively inhibited when doped with C, N and S elements. The photocatalytic activities of the samples were evaluated for the degradation of X-3B （Reactive Brilliant Red dye, C.I. Reactive Red 2） aqueous solution under visible-light （λ 〉 420 nm） irradiation. It was found that the C,N,S-tridoped TiO2 hollow spheres indicated higher photocatalytic activity than commercial P25 and the undoped counterpart photocatalyst.     

Investigation of potential interferences on the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate using zirconium oxide-based DGT technique

A diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique based on hydrous zirconium oxide (Zr-oxide) has been recently developed for the measurement of dissolved reactive phosphate (DRP). In this study, the detailed performance of the DGT technique is reported. Spiking experiments revealed that several orthophosphate monoester compounds contributed to the Zr-oxide DGT measurements of DRP. However, such a phenomenon is unlikely to occur during field conditions due to the low concentration of organic P in typical natural waters. The presence of Cl- (up to 106 g/L), SO42- (up to 16 g/L), HCO3- (up to 817 g/L), and AsO2- and AsO 3 4 (both up to 1 mg As/L) in solutions had negligible effects on the measurement of DRP. The threshold concentrations of Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- have been increased from previous reports for the measurements of DRP using other adsorbent-based DGT techniques. The capacity for DGT measurements of DRP decreased with increasing solution pH (4.2-9.2). The lowest capacity (95 μg P/m2 at pH 9.2) was still greater than that of other DGT techniques that are usually used for the measurement of DRP (2-12 μg P/cm2 ). The Zr-oxide binding gel could be stored for up to 2 years without any aging effect. This period of validity was considerably longer than the ferrihydrite binding gel that is commonly used in present DGT devices (6 months). The field application revealed that the concentrations of DRP measured in three fresh water samples using the Zr-oxide DGT technique were in agreement with those of the traditional colorimetric method.     

PM2．5的污染特征及综合防治分析

大气污染严重,空气中尤以PM2.5对人健康损害最大。本文对PM2.5的来源、污染表征、国内外控制标准及综合防治措施作了基本概述,以期对读者有参考。     

稻田表面流去除鱼塘养殖水中的氮、磷效果试验研究

池塘水质对水产养殖非常重要,本研究的目的在于探索稻田面流净化池塘养殖水质的技术途径。在养殖池塘旁稻田内布置9个小区,进行田间面流试验,取水样进行分析。结果表明：在1．5—6．0m^3／h（相应的平均流速为7．5～30m／h）的水力负荷下,鱼池水经稻田表面流处理后可得到一定净化;N、P的去除率与稻田表面流的流量（流速）有关,随流量增大呈减小趋势;在抽穗一扬花期稻田可有效减少养殖水的氮磷含量,在拔节期一孕穗期可显著减少NOf—N含量,有利改善池塘养殖环境。     

贵州省雷暴日数的时空分布、周期及突变特征

利用1961—2011年贵州省87个台站地面雷暴观测资料,对该省境内雷暴日数的时空分布、周期和突变特征进行了分析。结果表明：贵州省雷暴日数年际变化较大,下降趋势显著;雷暴日数的时空分布形态不对称,92．16％正偏,峰度76．47％为正值,48a贵州区域内空间分布在0．05置信水平上服从正态分布。雷暴日数分布地域特征明显,从贵州西南部向东北方向呈梯状递减趋势,安顺市、六盘水市和黔西南州3个地区为雷暴高发区。贵州省逐年雷暴日数存在不太明显的18a左右的长周期以及4—5a和8—9a显著的周期变化。贵州省年雷暴日数的下降是一突变现象,具体是从1995年开始的,突变前后平均雷暴日数相差9．32d。