Fenton试剂催化氧化法处理模拟酸性红B染料废水

采用Fenton试剂催化氧化处理用酸性红B配制的模拟偶氮染料废水,考察了影响处理效果的主要因素,并探讨了酸性红B降解的动力学.实验结果表明,Fenton试剂催化氧化处理酸性红B废水的最佳工艺条件为:H2O2加入量49.0 mmol/L,Fe2+加入量2.0 mmol/L,反应温度25℃,初始废水pH 3～6.在此最佳工艺条件下反应5min时,酸性红B去除率为99.8％,COD去除率为62.3％;反应60 min后,酸性红B去除率为99.9％,COD去除率为80.0％.Fenton试剂催化氧化降解酸性红B的反应符合二级反应动力学规律.     

Pollution characteristics of organic and elemental carbon in PM2:5 in Xiamen, China

Xiamen,located on the southeastern coastal line of China,is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization,so its air quality has a trend of degradation.However,studies on level,temporal and spatial changes of fine particles (PM2.5) and their carbonaceous fractions are scarce.In this article,abundance,sources,seasonal and spatial variations,distribution of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in PM2.5,were studied at suburban,urban and industrial sites in Xiamen during four season-representative months in 2009-2010.PM2.5 samples were collected with middle volume sampler and were analyzed for OC and EC with thermal optical transmittance (TOT) method.Results showed that the annual average PM2.5 concentrations were 63.88-74.80 μg/m3 at three sites.While OC and EC concentrations were in the range of 15.81-19.73 μg/m3 and 2.74-3.49 μg/m3,respectively,and clearly presented the summer minima and winter maxima in this study.The carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 42.8％-47.3％ of the mass of PM2.5.The annual average of secondary organic carbon (SOC) concentrations in Xiamen were 9.23-11.36 μg/m3,accounting for approximately 56％ of OC.Strong correlations between OC and EC was found in spring (R2 = 0.50) and autumn (R2 = 0.73),suggesting that there were similar emission and transport processes for carbonaceous aerosols in these two seasons,while weak correlations were found in summer (R2 = 0.33) and winter (R2 = 0.41).The OC/EC ratios in PM2.5 varied from 2.1 to 8.7 with an annual average of 5.7,indicating that vehicle exhaust,coal smoke and biomass burning were main source apportionments of carbonaceous fractions in Xiamen.     

邯郸市大气复合污染特征的监测研究

利用邯郸市4个大气环境监测站点的PM2.5、PM10、O3等在线连续观测数据,对2013年全年的PM2.5、PM10、O3的浓度水平、变化规律和PM2.5/PM10的变化情况进行了分析,并从地形、气象、污染物排放及冬、夏季逐时PM2.5、O3和各类气体污染物浓度之间的关系等方面进行了研究.结果表明:12013年PM2.5、PM10的年均浓度分别为139和238μg·m-3,分别是国家二级标准的4.0倍和3.4倍.PM2.5、PM10日均浓度超过标准的天数均在280 d左右,全年3/4以上天数均超标.其颗粒物污染程度甚至超过北京、天津、长三角和珠三角等超大城市或城市群,属于严重超载的红色预警地区.整个采暖期PM2.5、PM10平均浓度分别为209和322.1μg·m-3,为非采暖期平均浓度的2倍和1.6倍;同时,采暖期PM2.5/PM10平均值为63%,高出非采暖期10%,采暖期细颗粒物污染问题特征明显.22013年O3日最大8小时平均浓度的最大值为238μg·m-3,是国家二级标准的1.5倍,超标天数为53 d,超标率为14.5%;最大时均浓度为288μg·m-3,是国家二级标准的1.4倍,超标小时数为148h,占全年有效数据的1.7%;与北方城市相比,其污染程度超过北京、天津等,略低于洛阳污染水平.3邯郸市大气复合污染的形成,除了区域大气环流与特殊地形叠加影响外,还主要归因于相对较高的人为源大气污染物排放,因此,要想走出复合污染的困局,减排是硬道理,解决灰霾污染需开展颗粒物、NOx、SO2等污染物的协同控制.     

Immobilization of self-assembled pre-dispersed nano-TiO2 onto montmorillonite and its photocatalytic activity

The immobilization of pre-dispersed Ti O_2 colloids onto the external surface of the clay mineral montmorillonite(Mt) was accomplished and regulated via a self-assembly method employing the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB). The role of CTAB in the synthesis process was investigated by preparing a series of Ti O_2-CTAB-Mt composites(TCM) with various CTAB doses. The results indicated that a uniform and continuous Ti O_2 film was deposited on the external surface of montmorillonite in the composite synthesized with 0.1 wt.% of CTAB, and the TCM nano-composites showed much higher values for specific surface area, average pore size and pore volume than the raw montmorillonite clay. Then, the formed TCM materials were applied in photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution. The degradation efficiency reached as high as 94.7%. Based on the degradation intermediates benezoquinone, fumaric acid and oxalic acid identified by LC–MS analysis, a mechanism for the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-DCP on Ti O_2/Mt nano-composites is proposed.     

Immobilization of self-assembled pre-dispersed nano-TiO2 onto montmorillonite and its photocatalytic activity

The immobilization of pre-dispersed TiO₂ colloids onto the external surface of the clay mineral montmorillonite (Mt) was accomplished and regulated via a self-assembly method employing the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The role of CTAB in the synthesis process was investigated by preparing a series of TiO₂-CTAB-Mt composites (TCM) with various CTAB doses. The results indicated that a uniform and continuous TiO₂ film was deposited on the external surface of montmorillonite in the composite synthesized with 0.1 wt.% of CTAB, and the TCM nano-composites showed much higher values for specific surface area, average pore size and pore volume than the raw montmorillonite clay. Then, the formed TCM materials were applied in photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in aqueous solution. The degradation efficiency reached as high as 94.7%. Based on the degradation intermediates benezoquinone, fumaric acid and oxalic acid identified by LC–MS analysis, a mechanism for the photocatalytic oxidation of 2,4-DCP on TiO₂/Mt nano-composites is proposed.     

Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir, China: A holistic assessment of organic pollution, mutagenic effects of sediments and genotoxic impacts on fish

Besides obvious benefits,the Three Gorges Dam's construction resulted in new pollution scenarios with the potentials to threaten the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR) ecosystem.In order to record organic contamination,to find links to ecotoxicological impacts and to serve as reference for ensuing monitoring,several sites in the TGR area were screened applying the triad approach with additional lines-of-evidence as a holistic assessment method.Sediments and the benthic fish species Pelteobagrus vachellii were sampled in 2011 and 2012 to determine organic pollution levels,mutagenic potentials and genotoxic impacts.Two regional hot-spots near the cities of Chongqing and Kaixian were identified and further investigated in 2013.Only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) could be detected in sediments in 2011(165–1653 ng/g),emphasizing their roles as key pollutants of the area.Their ubiquity was confirmed at Chongqing(150–433 ng/g) and Kaixian(127–590 ng/g) in2013.Concentrations were comparable to other major Chinese and German rivers.However,the immense sediment influx suggested a deposition of 216–636 kg PAH/day(0.2–0.6 mg PAH/(m2·day)),indicating an ecotoxicological risk.PAH source analysis highlighted primary impacts of combustion sources on the more industrialized upper TGR section,whereas petrogenic sources dominated the mid-low section.Furthermore,sediment extracts from several sites exhibited significant activities of frameshift promutagens in the Ames fluctuation assay.Additionally,significant genotoxic impairments in erythrocytes of P.vachellii were detected(Chongqing/Kaixian),demonstrating the relevance of genotoxicity as animportant mode of action in the TGR's fish.PAHs,their derivatives and non-target compounds are considered as main causative agents.     

高压水射流冲击煤体损伤的数值模拟研究

为研究高压水射流破煤过程中煤体的损伤状态及压力的分布状态,论文采用J-H-C含损伤本构模型,水射流采用Bridgman状态方程,通过拉格朗日-欧拉有限元法模拟计算高压水射流冲击煤体的损伤机制,得出了煤体在高压水射流冲击作用下不同时刻的损伤变化情况。结果表明,煤体在高压水射流作用下,在接触点两边形成"肺叶状"负压力区,煤体所受压力逐渐减小;冲击速度和产生的损伤随时间变化逐渐减小,损伤主要集中于坑洞底部。     

LNG槽车泄漏事故风险模拟研究

阐述了LNG槽车的危险特性,分析了LNG槽车发生泄漏后的事故危害过程,得出LNG槽车泄漏危害事故的模式主要有闪火、喷射火、蒸气云爆炸以及沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸;针对不同泄漏口面积和泄漏速度,利用风险评价软件模拟LNG槽车发生泄漏产生喷射火、蒸气云爆炸及沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸3种事故模式的后果,得出各种事故模式的危害半径。模拟结果可为LNG槽车事故预防和应急救援提供参考。     

基于UNMIX模型的北京城区公园土壤重金属源解析

城市公园是城市环境中重要的生态功能区和人们的主要公共娱乐休闲场所.为了分析北京城区公园的土壤环境质量,采集了北京城区121个公园土壤样本,分析了5种重金属（Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd）的含量水平,并采用UNMIX模型对上述重金属进行源解析.结果表明:①北京城区公园土壤中w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）的平均值分别为63.57、35.49、36.43、145.68、0.49 mg/kg.除w（Cr）外,w（Cu）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）、w（Cd）的平均值均高于区域背景值.5种重金属含量均未超过GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准（试行）》中的筛选值,说明北京城区公园土壤环境质量整体状况良好.②城市化时间和公园存续时间是影响重金属累积的重要因素.城市中心区重金属积累是历史和高负荷交通共同影响的结果.③源解析分析显示,北京城区公园土壤重金属存在三大污染源,其中,源1对w（Cr）的贡献占主导作用,为土壤母质和特殊工业源,贡献率为21.38%;源2对w（Cd）的贡献高于其他重金属,为工农业混合源,贡献率为35.43%;源3对w（Cu）、w（Zn）、w（Pb）的贡献较高,为交通源,贡献率为43.19%.研究显示,历史上的工农业活动是北京城市公园土壤重金属的重要来源.      

鲜甘薯原料的运动发酵单胞菌快速乙醇发酵条件

对运动发酵单胞菌232B同步糖化发酵(SSF)鲜甘薯快速生产燃料乙醇的条件进行了研究.通过单因素试验和正交试验获得了乙醇发酵的最佳参数为:初始pH值6.0～7.0,硫酸铵5.0 g/kg,糖化酶量1.6 AUG/kg淀粉,初始总糖浓度200 g/kg,接种量ψ=12.5%.经过21 h发酵,乙醇浓度为95.15 g/kg.发酵效率可达94%.同时对不灭菌发酵也进行了研究,发酵效率可达92%.残糖的HPLC分析结果说明,发酵液中已没有葡萄糖存在,经酸水解后又出现了葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露糖等成分,说明发酵结束后的残糖是多种低聚糖.图4表4参19