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131.
Marina Isidori Alfredo Parrella Paola Pistillo Fabio Temussi 《Environment international》2009,35(5):821-825
This study was designed to assess the overall ecotoxicity of ranitidine, a histamine H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production. Hence, in addition to ranitidine, its main two photoderivatives, obtained by solar simulator irradiation in water, were investigated. The photoproducts were identified by their physical features. Bioassays were performed on rotifers and microcrustaceans to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames test were utilized to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. The results showed that ranitidine did not show any acute toxicity at the highest concentration tested (100 mg/L) for all the organisms utilized in the bioassays. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on rotifers and crustaceans. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects were especially found for one photoproduct suggesting that transformation products, as frequently demonstrated, may show effects higher than the respective parental compound. 相似文献
132.
133.
Sperm competition and sexual selection: a meta-analysis of paternity studies of birds 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Sperm competition (the competition among the sperm of different males for fertilization of the eggs of a female) has been
suggested to be an important component of sexual selection, but no general assessment has been made of this proposition. We
used a meta-analytic approach to assess the extensive literature on paternity (the proportion of offspring in a focal nest
sired by an attending male) in birds based on allozyme and molecular techniques. The relative variance in male mating success
was on average increased by a factor of 4.6 over the variance in apparent male success. Males with more extravagant secondary
sexual characters had higher paternity in their own nests than less adorned males. There was a weak effect of male age being
positively associated with paternity in own nests. Male body size measured as the length of wing and tarsus was weakly positively
associated with paternity in own nests. Male survival prospect was positively associated with paternity in own nests. Polygynous
males generally had decreased paternity of their broods compared to monogamous males. Paternity of the resident male decreased
with increasing population density and breeding asynchrony. The intensity of paternity guards such as within-pair copulation
rate and mate guarding were not significantly related to extra-pair paternity. Sperm competition was thus an important component
of sexual selection by increasing the variance in male mating success, and by being associated with the expression of secondary
sexual characters, in particular in dense and asynchronously breeding populations of birds.
Received: 12 February 1998 / Accepted after revision: 31 May 1998 相似文献
134.
Sally Rangecroft Stephan Harrison Karen Anderson John Magrath Ana Paola Castel Paula Pacheco 《Ambio》2013,42(7):852-863
Climate change is projected to have a strongly negative effect on water supplies in the arid mountains of South America, significantly impacting millions of people. As one of the poorest countries in the region, Bolivia is particularly vulnerable to such changes due to its limited capacity to adapt. Water security is threatened further by glacial recession with Bolivian glaciers losing nearly half their ice mass over the past 50 years raising serious water management concerns. This review examines current trends in water availability and glacier melt in the Bolivian Andes, assesses the driving factors of reduced water availability and identifies key gaps in our knowledge of the Andean cryosphere. The lack of research regarding permafrost water sources in the Bolivian Andes is addressed, with focus on the potential contribution to mountain water supplies provided by rock glaciers. 相似文献
135.
Nicole Pacini Antonia Concetta Elia Maria Cesarina Abete Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr Paola Brizio Laura Gasco Marzia Righetti Marino Prearo 《Chemosphere》2013
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of selenium on concentrations of metabolites and enzyme activities acting as antioxidant markers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri. Sturgeons were fed selenium cysteine for 30 and 60 d at 1.25, 5, 20 mg Se kg−1. Selenium level in the control feed was 0.32 mg kg−1. Se concentration was measured in liver, kidney and muscle of every specimen. Sturgeon accumulated Se in tissues with a clear dose-response relationship and the highest Se concentration was recorded in liver. This outcome is lined up with the findings obtained on the antioxidant markers evaluated in both tissues, and in which a dose-response for several biomarkers was recorded in liver. The superoxide dismutase activity in Se-treated fish was generally induced, while catalase activity was lower in liver or unaltered in kidney. The concentrations of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase and total glutathione responded differently for both tissues and were induced in a different way at both endpoints. No changes of glyoxalase I activity were noted for both Se-treated tissues, while for glyoxalase II enzyme in liver a dose-related pattern was found showing a reversible effect (decreased and increased counteractive response) only in the 5 mg kg−1 group. Moreover, the highest Se concentrations did not cause marked changes in malondialdehyde levels of liver and kidney. The enhancement of glutathione peroxidase activity in Se-treated sturgeon might have prevented the lipid peroxidation in both tissues, providing to the Siberian sturgeon a great defense ability versus the prooxidant effect of selenium. 相似文献
136.
Roberto Madeddu Paola Tolu Yolande Asara Cristiano Farace Giovanni Forte Beatrice Bocca 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(7):5837-5846
A human blood biomonitoring campaign to detect the environmental exposure to metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Mn, Pb and Zn) in 265 subjects was performed in the South-Western part of Sardinia (an Italian island) that is a particular area with a great history of coal and metal mining (Pb/Zn mainly) activities and large industrial structures (as metallurgy). Subjects living near the industrial plant area had geometric means (GM) of blood Cd (0.79 μg/l), Cu (971 μg/l), Mn (12.2 μg/l), and Pb (55.7 μg/l) significantly higher than controls (Cd, 0.47 μg/l; Cu, 900 μg/l; Mn 9.98 μg/l; Pb, 26.5 μg/l) and than people living nearby the past mining sites. Subjects living next to one dismissed mine were statistically higher in blood Cu (GM, 1,022 μg/l) and Pb (GM, 41.4 μg/l) concentrations than controls. No differences were observed in people living in the different mining sites, and this might be related to the decennial disclosure of mines and the adoption of environmental remediation programmes. Some interindividual variables influenced blood biomonitoring data, as smoke and age for Cd, gender for Cu, age, sex and alcohol for Pb, and age for Zn. Moreover, blood metal levels of the whole population were similar to reference values representative of the Sardinian population and acceptably safe according to currently available health guidelines. 相似文献
137.
Andrea Critto Paola Agostini 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(6):649-662
Background, aim, and scope
The management of contaminated sites requires the investigation of different involved aspects (from socioeconomic to risk and technological issues) and the presentation of useful and condensed information to decision makers. For this purpose, indices are more and more recognized as effective and valuable tools. This paper presents specific indices created within the DEcision Support sYstem for REhabilitation of contaminated sites (DESYRE). 相似文献138.
Anaerobic nonylphenol ethoxylate degradation coupled to nitrate reduction in a modified biodegradability batch test 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
The aim of this work was to elucidate the role of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor on the biodegradation of NPEO. We have characterized the products of NPEO degradation by mixed microbial communities in anaerobic batch tests by means of HPLC, 1H NMR and GC–MS. Anaerobic degradation of NPEO was strictly dependent on the presence of nitrate. Within seven days of anoxic incubation, NP2EO appeared as the major degradation product. After 21 days, NP was the main species detected, and was not degraded further even after 35 days. Nitrate concentration decreased in parallel with NPEO de-ethoxylation. A transient accumulation of nitrite was observed within the time period in which NP formation reached its maximum production. The observed generation of nonylphenol coupled to nitrate reduction suggests that the microbial consortium possessed an alternate pathway for the degradation of NPEO, which was not accessible under aerobic conditions. 相似文献
139.
Analysis of Mosses and Soils for Quantifying Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sicily: A Multivariate and Spatial Analytical Approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gramatica P Battaini F Giani E Papa E Jones RJ Preatoni D Cenci RM 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2006,13(1):28-36
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.006
Background The use of vegetal organisms as indicators of contamination of the environment is partially replacing traditional monitoring
techniques. Amongst the vegetal organisms available, mosses appear to be good bioindicators and are used for monitoring anthropogenic
and natural fall-out on soils. This study has two objectives: the evaluation of the concentrations of heavy metals in soils
and mosses of the Sicily Region, in Italy and the identification of the origin of fall-out of heavy metals.
Methods Mosses and the surface soil were sampled at 28 sites, only the youngest segments of Hylocomium splendens and Hypnum cupressiforme,
corresponding to the plant tissues produced during the last 3 years, were taken. The elements Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were analysed
by ICP-MS and Hg by AAS. Statistical analysis was by PCA and spatial representation by GIS.
Results and Discussion In the mosses sampled in Sicily, the highest concentrations of Cd were found around the cities of Palermo and Messina. The
highest concentrations of Hg were recorded in the northern part of the island between Trapani and Messina, similar to the
distribution of Cu. Different areas with the highest concentrations of Ni were found near the south coast, in the vicinity
of Palermo and around the Volcano Etna. The highest concentrations of Pb were found in the south-west coast near Agrigento,
where important chemical plants and petroleum refineries are located. Except for a few locations, Zn fall-out was found to
be evenly distributed throughout Sicily.
Conclusion The sites where the concentrations of heavy metals cause greatest concern have been revealed by the PCA analysis and portrayed
using GIS. Also of some concern is the diffuse and anthropogenic origin of Hg and Cd. The combined approach of using soil
and mosses, together with pedological interpretation and application of multivariate statistical techniques has provided valuable
insight into the environmental aspects of heavy metal deposition in a region of southern Europe.
Recommendations and Outlook Further insight into the deposition of heavy metals will require more detailed sampling of soils and mosses in both new and
previous study areas. This needs to be complemented by detailed pedological investigations in the study areas. Future research
programmes will address these issues. 相似文献
140.
Landscape structure may affect individual dispersal abilities, thus influencing the genotypic and phenotypic composition of populations. We analyzed the interplay among landscape, behavior, and evolutionary processes by correlating habitat patchiness to the variability in vocalizations of Dupont's Lark Chersophilus duponti, one of the most habitat-selective and rare European songbirds. We tape-recorded males throughout the species distribution in Spain, analyzed the spatial patterns of territorial call variation at different scales (individuals, populations, and broad geographic areas), and related acoustic variability to patterns of isolation by geographic distance and by landscape unsuitability (calculated by building a predictive model of habitat suitability). The differentiation of spectro-temporal call features resulted from both isolation by distance and isolation by landscape unsuitability mechanisms. Landscape connectivity was often a better determinant of call differentiation than simple straight-line distance between individuals, providing the first evidence that call transmission can be limited by the presence and distribution of patches of adequate habitat, which likely mediates bird dispersal. Landscape patchiness resulted in a reduction of acoustic diversity (repertoire size) within populations, and a parallel increase in differentiation among populations. Landscape bioacoustics can represent a promising tool for estimating population structure, although the study of animal communication cannot be viewed as an alternative, but a source of complementary information to genetics, given that it provides evidence of male-male transmission and social and cultural phenomena that are currently undetectable from molecular data. 相似文献