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Albrecht Hase R. Hesse Adolf Mayer Paul Weiss Karl Bělař 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1929,17(44):863-866
44.
Criteria and indicators for a bioenergy production industry identified via stakeholder participation
As bioenergy production expands and new bioenergy-based technologies emerge, there is a growing concern regarding the sustainability of their ecological and socioeconomic impacts. Comprehensive sustainability assessments are needed to address this concern and to assure that the development of the bioenergy industry meets sustainability goals. Most sustainability assessments for bioenergy are expert-driven, broad, and largely motivated by an interest in optimizing international trade in bioenergy. As a result, social and cultural sustainability targets are vague or underdeveloped. In this study, we developed a sustainability assessment for a regional bioenergy production industry in Upper Michigan, using stakeholder participation. Semi-structured interviews and focus group meetings were used to elicit participants’ concerns and opinion. These concerns were translated into sustainability Criteria and Indicators (C&Is), many of which could be supported with available science. Some of the C&Is identified by participants were unique to the region. Sustainability C&Is were broadly categorized into economic (C = 5; I = 22), environmental (C = 6; I = 12), social (C = 3; I = 9), policy and regulations (C = 3; I = 13), and institutional capacity (C = 4; I = 13). While participants could identify indicators for most of the criteria (many of which are also supported by existing literature), further research and validation will be necessary to identify measurable, practical, and bias-free indicators for all criteria. 相似文献
45.
Ulrich Harréus MD PhD Philipp Baumeister Norbert Kleinsasser Maximilian Reiter Beatrice Bachmeier Christoph Matthias 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(2):205-214
The etiology of salivary gland malignancies still remains unclear. Metal compounds are of special interest since they show ubiquitous presence in the environment, are present in many working places, and are accepted (co-)carcinogens in some other malignancies. Metals enter the body as xenobiotics by inhalation or ingestion. This study investigated the genotoxic potential of sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) on human salivary gland cells and lymphocytes. Macroscopically healthy tissue of salivary glands was harvested from 46 patients during surgery and isolated to single cells by enzymatic digestion. The cells were incubated with Na2Cr2O7, NiSO4, CdSO4 or ZnCl2. Na2Cr2O7 was also incubated in combination with the other metal compounds listed. Carcinogenic and co-carcinogenic effects of cadmium were tested by incubation with Na2Cr2O7 and consecutive repair intervals. DNA damage and repair were evaluated by the Comet assay, determining DNA-strand breaks. The extent of damage was quantified using a digital analysis system. Na2Cr2O7 produced significantly enhanced DNA-strand breaks in human salivary gland tissue and lymphocytes. All other metal compounds exerted no damaging effect on both cell types. Co-incubation of Na2Cr2O7 with the other metals revealed a significant additive effect only for CdSO4. Specific analysis of the influence of cadmium showed a reduction of DNA-repair after Na2Cr2O7-induced strand breaks in salivary gland cells. This study provides evidence that exposure to distinct metals may significantly contribute to malignant salivary gland tumors. In consequence, further studies as epidemiological and toxicological data are warranted to determine the role of distinct metals as potential (co-) carcinogens. 相似文献
46.
Manuela Bartel Stefanie Hartmann Karola Lehmann Kai Postel Humberto Quesada Eva E. R. Philipp Katja Heilmann Burkhard Micheel Heiko Stuckas 《Marine Biology》2012,159(10):2195-2207
Sperm proteins of the marine sessile mussels of the Mytilus edulis species complex are models to investigate reproductive isolation and speciation. This study aimed at identifying sperm proteins and their corresponding genes. This was aided by the use of monoclonal antibodies that preferentially bind to yet unknown sperm molecules. By identifying their target molecules, this approach identified proteins with relevance to Mytilus sperm function. This procedure identified 16 proteins, for example, enkurin, laminin, porin and heat shock proteins. The potential use of these proteins as genetic markers to study reproductive isolation is exemplified by analysing the enkurin locus. Enkurin evolution is driven by purifying selection, the locus displays high levels of intraspecific variation and species-specific alleles group in distinct phylogenetic clusters. These findings characterize enkurin as informative candidate biomarker for analyses of clinal variation and differential introgression in hybrid zones, for example, to understand determinants of reproductive isolation in Baltic Mytilus populations. 相似文献
47.
Sivirichi GM Kaushal SS Mayer PM Welty C Belt KT Newcomer TA Newcomb KD Grese MM 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(2):288-303
Stream restoration has increasingly been used as a best management practice for improving water quality in urbanizing watersheds, yet few data exist to assess restoration effectiveness. This study examined the longitudinal patterns in carbon and nitrogen concentrations and mass balance in two restored (Minebank Run and Spring Branch) and two unrestored (Powder Mill Run and Dead Run) stream networks in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Longitudinal synoptic sampling showed that there was considerable reach-scale variability in biogeochemistry (e.g., total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), cations, pH, oxidation/reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and temperature). TDN concentrations were typically higher than DOC in restored streams, but the opposite pattern was observed in unrestored streams. Mass balances in restored stream networks showed net uptake of TDN across subreaches (mean ± standard error net uptake rate of TDN across sampling dates for Minebank Run and Spring Branch was 420.3 ± 312.2 and 821.8 ± 570.3 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively). There was net release of DOC in the restored streams (1344 ± 1063 and 1017 ± 944.5 mg m(-2) d(-1) for Minebank Run and Spring Branch, respectively). Conversely, degraded streams, Powder Mill Run and Dead Run showed mean net release of TDN across sampling dates (629.2 ± 167.5 and 327.1 ± 134.5 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively) and net uptake of DOC (1642 ± 505.0 and 233.7 ± 125.1 mg m(-2) d(-1), respectively). There can be substantial C and N transformations in stream networks with hydrologically connected floodplain and pond features. Assessment of restoration effectiveness depends strongly on where monitoring is conducted along the stream network. Monitoring beyond the stream-reach scale is recommended for a complete perspective of evaluation of biogeochemical function in restored and degraded urban streams. 相似文献
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Philipp Balzer Klaus Peter Rippe Peter Schaber 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,13(1-2):7-27
The 1992 incorporation of an article by referendum in the Swiss Constitution mandating that the federal government issue regulations
on the use of genetic material that take into account the dignity of nonhuman organism raises philosophical questions about
how we should understand what is meant by “the dignity of nonhuman animals,” and about what sort of moral demands arise from
recognizing this dignity with respect to their genetic engineering. The first step in determining what is meant is to clarify
the difference between dignity when applied to humans and when applied to nonhumans. Several conceptions of human dignity
should be rejected in favor of a fourth conception: the right not to be degraded. This right implies that those who have it
have the cognitive capacities that are prerequisite for self-respect. In the case of nonhuman organisms that lack this capacity,
respecting their dignity requires the recognition that their inherent value, which is tied to their abilities to pursue their
own good, be respected. This value is not absolute, as it is in the case of humans, so it does not prohibit breeding manipulations
that make organisms more useful to humans. But it does restrict morally how sentient animals can be used. In regard to genetic
engineering, this conception requires that animals be allowed the uninhibited development of species specific functions, a
position shared by Holland and Attfield, as opposed to the Original Purpose conception proposed by Fox and the Integrity of
the Genetic Make-up position proposed by Rolston. The inherent value conception of dignity, as here defended, is what is meant
in the Swiss Constitution article.
This paper is a slightly revised version of a paper that had been published in German in 1998 (“Menschenwürde vs. Würde der
Kreatur,” Freiburg i.Br.). 相似文献
50.
Recent theory regarding the nature of organizational commitment suggests that viewing it as comprised of two dimensions, value commitment and continuance commitment, is of theoretical and practical value. This field study found the differential antecedents of these two commitment dimensions to be consistent with the March and Simon (1958) framework using the two-dimensional organizational commitment questionnaire from Mayer and Schoorman (1992). Organizational tenure, retirement benefits, education, and age were more highly correlated with continuance commitment, while felt participation, perceived prestige, job involvement, and role ambiguity were more highly correlated with value commitment. Analysis using LISREL 7 supported the pattern of relationships between the antecedents and the two commitment dimensions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献