Phosphorus Losses to Water from Lowland Rice Fields under Rice–Wheat Double Cropping System in the Tai Lake Region

To assess P losses to surface water by runoff during the rice season and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season, serial field trials were conducted in different types of paddy soils in the Tai Lake Region (TLR) during 2000 and 2001. Four P application rates were set as 0 (CK), 30, 150, and 300 kg P/hm² for flooded rice trials and 0 (CK), 20, 80, 160 kg P/hm² for winter wheat trials respectively. Field experiments were done in two locations with a plot size of 30 m² and four replications in a randomized complete block design. A simplified lysimeter was installed for each plot to collect all the runoff or drainage flow from each event. Total P (TP) losses to surface water during rice season by runoff flow from four treatments were 150 (CK), 220 (T30), 395 (T150), 670 (T300) g P/hm² in year 2000, and 298, 440, 1828, 3744 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Wuxi station, here the soil is permeable paddy soil derived from loam clay deposit. While the losses were 102, 140, 210, 270 in year 2000, and 128, 165, 359, 589 g P/hm² in year 2001 respectively in Changshu station, here the soil is waterlogged paddy soil derived from silt loam deposit. During the winter wheat season, total P lost from the fields by drainage flow in the four treatments were 253 (CK), 382 (T20), 580 (T89), 818 (T160) g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 573.3, 709.4, 1123.2, 1552.4 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Wuxi station. While these were 395.6, 539.1, 1356.8, 1972.1 g P/hm² in year 2000–2001, and 811.5, 1184.6, 3001.2, 5333.1 g P/hm² in year 2001–2002 at the Changshu station. Results revealed that P fertilizer application rates significantly affected the TP concentrations and TP loads in runoff during the rice season, and by drainage flow during the winter wheat season. Both TP loads were significantly increased as the P application rate increases. The data indicate that TP losses to surface water were much higher during the winter wheat season than during the rice season in two tested sites. The data also reveal that the annual precipitation and evaporation rate affected the soil P losses to surface water significantly. Year 2000 was relatively dried with higher evaporation thus P losses to water by both runoff and drainage flow were less than in year 2001 which was a relatively wet year with lower evaporation. Results indicate that texture, structure of the soil profile, and field construction (with or without ridge and deep drains) affected soil P losses to surface water dramatically. Annual possible TP lost to water at the application rate of 50 kg P/hm² year tested in TLR were estimated from 97 to 185 tones P from permeable paddy soils and 109–218 tones P from waterlogged paddy soils. There was no significant difference of TP lost between the CK and the T50 treatments in both stations, which indicate that there is no more TP lost in field of normal P fertilizer application rate than in control field of no P fertilized. Much higher TP lost in runoff or drainage flow from those other P application rates treatments than from the T50 treatment, which suggest that P losses to surface water would be greatly increasing in the time when higher available P accumulation in plough layer soil in this region.     

厌氧折流反应器对硝基苯冲击负荷适应性的研究

在9L、4格室的厌氧折流反应器（ABR）中,处理以葡萄糖为共基质的含硝基苯废水,温度为5～10℃,进水COD浓度为200-400mg／L,HRT为3h。结果表明ABR对有毒废水浓度变化的适应能力强,当进水硝基苯的浓度为0．48mg／L时,出水COD在21天恢复正常,运行稳定,反应器经硝基苯连续3天冲击（0．48mg／L）后,经历了原有微生物死亡、新微生物生长直到最终项级群落和稳定发酵类型的形成的过程。     

千岛湖流域水环境功能区划与生态环境保护对策研究

千岛湖是较为典型的大型深水湖泊,近年来水环境质量在湖体上存在差异.认识这种差异并根据差异的程度,对湖泊进行区划,并因地制宜制定千岛湖水域的环境保护措施,制定湖泊水环境保护的方向性和战略性目标,具有重要的现实意义.文章从生态林业、生态工业、生态农业和生态旅游业等领域,提出了千岛湖生态环境保护的对策,以期为国内其它湖泊提供环境保护的借鉴.     

HSE管理体系绩效评估方法研究

通过分析HSE管理体系关键要素,结合模糊数学综合评判的理论和量化评估的思想,建立模糊数学量化评估模型。引入定量化的手段,反映企业实施HSE管理体系的绩效情况并判断其优劣。该评估方法可对HSE管理体系的运行状态进行客观全面的评价,为企业的管理工作指明方向。     

浅析喀斯特生态系统健康影响因子及评价指标——以毕节地区为例

从喀斯特生态系统以及喀斯特生态系统健康评价的概念出发,以毕节地区为例,分析了影响喀斯特生态系统健康的各类因子,如水土流失及石漠化、水资源、生物多样性、地貌、人类活动强度与方式、人-社会-生态健康可持续性等,利用因子载荷分析方法,从生态系统的结构功能、可持续利用能力、动态变化等三个方面筛选出26个因子构建了喀斯特生态系统健康评价的指标体系。     

基于API方法的城市大气污染评价

收集了2006年《重点城市空气质量日报》中中国86个重点城市空气质量主要分析指标——空气污染指数（API）、首要污染物、空气质量级别,并对数据进行统计分析。结果表明：（1）总体来说,中国城市大气质量良好;（2）城市大气污染以煤烟型污染为主,大气中以TSP、SO2和NOx作为首要污染物出现的频率依次递减;（3）城市大气污染最严重的季节是冬季,最轻的季节是夏季;（4）城市大气环境质量表现出从北到南、从沿海至内陆逐步变差的趋势。     

石墨烯与抑癌基因p53 DNA片段相互作用的分子模拟与光谱学验证

石墨烯(graphene,G)及其衍生物由于具有独特的理化性质,被广泛应用于能源、生物医学等领域,但尚缺乏其对生物体和环境潜在危害的研究。采用分子动力学模拟并结合光谱学方法(紫外可见吸收光谱、紫外变温实验及荧光光谱),分析了石墨烯与抑癌基因p53启动子区DNA片段(p53-DNA)间的相互作用,并探讨了相关作用机制。石墨烯的部分芳香环与p53-DNA碱基的芳香环之间存在π-π堆积作用,两者可以通过嵌插作用进行结合,同时还通过沟槽作用进一步结合。光谱实验进一步证实,在石墨烯作用下,p53-DNA的熔点(Tm)值升高,EB-DNA体系发生静态荧光淬灭,说明石墨烯能与p53-DNA结合;同时,p53-DNA与石墨烯结合后在260 nm处的吸光度升高,说明石墨烯对p53-DNA的双螺旋结构具有一定的破坏作用。上述研究结果从分子水平上分析了石墨烯与p53-DNA间的相互作用机制,有助于进一步阐明石墨烯的毒性作用机理。     

Occurrence and risk assessment of antidepressants in Huangpu River of Shanghai,China

Antidepressants are gaining public attention because of increasing reports of their occurrence in environment and their potential impact on ecosystems and human health. Continuous input of pharmaceuticals into rivers, through psychiatric hospital or wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) effluent, may cause adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystems of the receiving water bodies. This work investigates the occurrence and sources of 8 antidepressants in main stream and tributaries of Huangpu River in Shanghai. The detected concentrations of the selected antidepressants ranged from low nanogram per liter to 42.9 ng L^?1 (fluoxetine) in main stream and ranged from low nanogram per liter to 33.7 ng L^?1 (fluoxetine) in tributaries. To study the effect of hospital or wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on environment, the upstream and downstream samples were analyzed. Generally, antidepressants had greater concentrations in downstream than that in upstream of the WWTPs or hospitals. It is suggesting that WWTPs and hospitals may introduce pollution into water environment. A preliminary risk assessment was conducted: none of the eight target compounds yielded risk quotient (RQ) values more than 0.1, thus indicating that no adverse effect is expected in water environment. These results will provide background data for future antidepressants pollution control and management in Shanghai, China.     

Response of anaerobic membrane bioreactor to the presence of nano-Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>WO<Subscript>6</Subscript>: reactor performance,supernatant characteristics,and microbial community

Considering the increasing incorporation of manufactured nano-material into consumer products, there is a concern about its potential impacts in biological wastewater treatment. In this study, the response of anaerobic sludge to the presence of Bi₂WO₆ nano-particles (NPs) was investigated in the anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR). As the concentration of Bi₂WO₆ in the reactor was controlled around 1 mg/L, there was no significant difference in effluent water quality or bacterial activities before and after NP exposure, partially due to the microbial-induced NP aggregation and stable complex formation. However, with the increasing dosage of Bi₂WO₆ from 5 to 40 mg/L, great influences on the AnMBR performance were observed, including the reduction of COD removal efficiency, inhibition of the mechanization step, increased production of soluble microbial products, and enhanced secretion of extracellular polymer substrates. Additional investigation with high-throughput sequencing was conducted, clearly demonstrating that Bi₂WO₆ NPs induced changes in the bacterial community.     

交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合颗粒可见光催化脱色活性艳红

利用壳聚糖对金属离子的吸附和螯合作用，通过简单的液相沉淀一还原过程一步原位合成了交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合粒子。x射线衍射（XRD）和红外（FT—IR）测试结果表明，壳聚糖与Cu2O纳米微粒能有效复合。以活性艳红X-3B溶液为模拟印染废水，采用Langmuir-Hinshelwood假一级方程模拟交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合粒子光催化脱色反应的动力学行为，从动力学角度系统研究染料初始浓度、反应体系pH、催化剂用量和反应体系气氛等因素对复合粒子可见光催化脱色反应速率的影响。结果表明，当染料溶液浓度较低时，光催化过程可视为假一级反应。降低活性艳红X-3B初始浓度和pH，增加催化剂用量和反应体系的含O2量都可显著增加光解脱色反应速率常数。相同条件下，与纯Cu2O相比，交联壳聚糖／Cu2O复合粒子对X-3B呈现出更好的吸附性和更高的可见光催化活性。