钙镁对垃圾渗滤液处理中微生物过氧化氢酶活性的影响

过氧化氢酶是影响微生物生命活动的关键酶,为揭示混合污染物对垃圾渗滤液中微生物过氧化氢酶活性的影响及其相互作用关系,选取垃圾渗滤液中常见的钙镁离子作为污染物,利用直接均分射线法设计3种浓度配比的钙镁离子混合物,钙离子占比分别为0.27、0.52、0.77;然后,根据抑制效应的变化分析钙镁离子对过氧化氢酶活性的抑制作用,并利用等效线图法分析钙镁离子对垃圾渗滤液中过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系. 结果表明:①钙镁离子及其混合物对过氧化氢酶活性的抑制效应具有相同的规律,在同一周期下抑制效应随着钙镁离子浓度的增加而增大,在同一浓度下抑制效应随着周期的增加而增大. ②当钙离子占比为0.27时,钙镁离子混合物对过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系主要表现为协同作用;当钙离子占比为0.52、0.77时,钙镁离子混合物对过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系主要表现为拮抗作用. 研究显示,随着钙离子占比的增加,钙镁离子混合物对过氧化氢酶活性作用的相互关系由以协同作用为主变为以拮抗作用为主.      

米曲霉发酵厨余垃圾制备富酶产物的研究

为了探讨利用微生物发酵厨余垃圾产酶的最佳条件,实现厨余垃圾高值资源化,选取米曲霉为试验菌种,基于米曲霉BNCC142787 (简称“米曲霉B”)、米曲霉CGMCC3.4427 (简称“米曲霉C”)的生长特性解析,研究不同培养方式(静置、振荡)和培养温度(30、35、40 ℃)对米曲霉好氧发酵厨余垃圾产酶性能的影响. 结果表明:米曲霉B和米曲霉C分别在30 ℃和40 ℃、pH为6的培养条件下生长最佳;与静置培养相比,振荡培养可显著提高米曲霉菌丝体的形成和生长速率,促进淀粉酶和蛋白酶分泌. 米曲霉B在40 ℃下厨余垃圾好氧发酵48 h时蛋白酶活性最高,为66.64 U/g;在30 ℃下好氧发酵48 h时,其淀粉酶活性最佳,为129.44 U/g. 米曲霉C在40 ℃下、厨余垃圾好氧发酵96 h时蛋白质酶和淀粉酶活性均达到最高,分别为64.02和131.11 U/g. 研究显示,米曲霉B和米曲霉C产生蛋白酶与淀粉酶的能力相当,但米曲霉B生长速率快,所需发酵时间短,可在温和的条件下实现产酶,因此采用米曲霉B在40 ℃、好氧发酵48 h条件下进行酶源制备,可充分利用厨余垃圾中的营养物质获得富含淀粉酶和蛋白酶的产物,具有显著的应用潜力.      

物理气相沉积硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层研究进展

叙述了用物理气相沉积技术制备的硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层的研究进展。重点介绍了腐蚀磨损耦合工况特性和作用机理,单元、多元掺杂氮化物涂层,高熵氮化物涂层,多层、纳米多层、纳米复合、梯度氮化物涂层耐腐蚀磨损性能研究,非金属元素/金属元素掺杂DLC涂层、多层复合DLC涂层耐腐蚀磨损性能研究,并对涂层改性、强化机理和腐蚀磨损失效机制进行了总结。最后,提出了未来物理气相沉积硬质耐腐蚀磨损防护涂层重点发展的方向,应重点发展涂层组元/结构设计、力–电耦合损伤机理研究、高效率研发设计、涂层先进制备装备与评估体系等方面的能力。     

不同施肥措施下长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量的变化分析

收集整理1992年1月至2022年5月长江经济带地区长期定位施肥试验文献,提取并整合了其中农田土壤有机碳的资料.采用归一化处理和变化速率的分析方法,研究长期不同施肥措施下长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量的总体变化,并比较3种耕作模式及不同土壤类型下土壤有机碳含量的变化差异,判断分析试验持续年限长短对土壤有机碳动态的影响.结果表明,在长期不同施肥措施下,我国长江经济带地区农田土壤有机碳含量整体呈上升趋势,无机氮肥磷肥配施(NP)、无机氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、单独施用有机肥(O)和有机无机肥配施(NPKO)处理均能增加农田土壤的有机碳含量,其中以NPKO处理为最大,而单独施用无机氮肥(N)则会降低土壤有机碳含量.旱田、水田和水旱轮作农田土壤有机碳含量变化速率分别为0.22、 0.24和0.16g·(kg·a)^-1,3种耕作模式在土壤固碳效果方面并无显著性差异.O和NPKO处理下所带来的有机碳相对快速增加效应在旱田土壤中的持续年限最高不超过28 a,而在水田及水旱轮作土壤中依然可以持续到28 a以上.在不同的土壤类型下,土壤有机碳含量的变化速率存在着一定的差异,平均有机...     

An important pathway for ozonolysis of alpha-pinene and beta-pinene in aqueous phase and its atmospheric implications

The aqueous ozonolysis of α-pinene and β-pinene was conducted under simulated tropospheric conditions at different pHs and temperatures. Three kinds of products, peroxides, carbonyl compounds, and organic acids, were well characterized, and the detection of these products provides effective evidence for understanding the atmospheric aqueous reaction pathway. We have two interesting findings: (1) the unexpected formation of methacrolein (MACR), with a yield of ～40%, in the α-pinene–O₃ aqueous reaction indicates a potentially new SOA formation pathway, because MACR is one of the important precursors of SOA; and (2) the surprisingly high yields of H₂O₂, ～60% for the α-pinene–O₃ reaction and ～100% for the β-pinene–O₃ reaction, indicates that H₂O₂ can be a significant contributor to the origin and transformation of oxidants in the atmosphere, especially in the humid regions. Moreover, we have determined the rate constant for aqueous reaction between MACR and H₂O₂ in pH 2 to 7 and obtained its upper limit as 0.13 M L^?1 s^?1. A mechanism concerning the formation of the species mentioned above is proposed, and it differs from that in the gas-phase reaction. We suggest that water plays a key role in the mechanism, by participating in the reactions as a direct reactant and by removing the excess energy of intermediates formed in the reactions.     

Spatial distribution and source identification of persistent pollutants in marine sediments of Hong Kong

A data matrix, obtained during a 3-year monitoring period (2007–2009) from 45 sampling sites in Hong Kong marine, was subjected to determine the spatial characterization and identify the sources of main pollutants. Indicator analyses indicated that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nickel, manganese, and arsenic (As) were at safe levels. Five heavy metals (zinc, lead, cupper, cadmium, chromium (Cr)) were moderate to severe enrichment at some sites. Inner Deep Bay and Victoria Harbor were considered as hot spots for PAHs and the heavy metals, while Tolo Harbor was highly polluted by the heavy metals. Cluster analysis classified the 45 sampling sites into three groups, representing different pollution levels. Principal component analysis/factor analysis identified four principal components (PCs) and explained 84.9 % of the total variances, standing for persistent pollution, N factor, P and Cr factor, and As factor, respectively. Group A was highly polluted by persistent pollution, group B was the less polluted group, and subgroup B1 was less affected by PC3 and PC4 than subgroup B2. Group C, considered as the moderately polluted group, was greatly affected by N factor or persistent pollution, while subgroup C2 received more N pollution than subgroup C1.     

四湖流域水环境污染现状空间分布和污染源分析

四湖流域水环境恶化已影响到当地生产和群众生活,亟待对四湖流域的水环境污染现状进行调查与评估。于2010年春季在四湖流域的主要湖泊以及四湖总干渠进行了水质现场监测和水样采集,共采集了84个样点,每个样点测定了12项水质指标,并对测定结果中四湖流域总氮、总磷、高锰酸钾指数等水质指标的空间分布进行了分析。分析结果表明:四湖流域的两个主要湖泊,长湖和洪湖均受到不同程度的污染,长湖为重度污染,洪湖为轻度污染,从长湖流入总干渠中的水质多为中性或略偏碱性,总磷、总氮含量超标几倍到几十倍,在靠近长湖的总干渠上游段为重度污染,靠近洪湖的总干渠下游段为轻度污染。各水质指标浓度总体趋势上,长湖的要大于总干渠,总干渠的大于西干渠,西干渠的大于洪湖。     

Hydrolysis and photolysis of oxytetracycline in aqueous solution

Oxytetracycline ((2Z,4S,4aR,5S,5aR,6S,12aS)-2-(amino-hydroxy-methylidene)-4-dimethylamino-5,6,10,11,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-4,4a,5,5a-tetrahydrotetracene-1,3,12-trione) is a member of tetracycline antibiotics family and is widely administered to farm animals for the purpose of therapeutical treatment and health protection. Increasing attention has been paid to the environmental fate of oxytetracycline and other veterinary antibiotics with the occurrence of these antibiotics in the environment. The hydrolysis and photolysis degradation of oxytetracycline was investigated in this study. Oxytetracycline hydrolysis was found to obey the first-order model and similar rate constant values ranging from 0.094 ± 0.001 to 0.106 ± 0.003 day^{? 1} were obtained at different initial concentration ranging from 10 to 230 μ M. Solution pH and temperature were shown to have remarked effects on oxytetracycline hydrolysis. The hydrolysis in pH neutral solution appeared to be much faster than in both acidic and alkaline solutions. Oxytetracycline half-life decreased from 1.2 × 10² to 0.15 day with the increasing temperature from 4 ± 0.8 to 60 ± 1°C. The presence of Ca^{2 +} made oxytetracycline hydrolytic degradation kinetics deviate from the simple first-order model to the availability-adjusted first-order model and greatly slowed down the hydrolysis. Oxytetracycline photolysis was found to be very fast with a degradation rate constant at 3.61 ± 0.06 day^{? 1}, which is comparable to that of hydrolysis at 60°C. The presence of Ca^{2 +} accelerated oxytetracycline photolysis, implying that oxytetracycline become more vulnerable to sunlight irradiation after chelating with Ca^{2 +}. The photolysis may be the dominant degradation pathway of oxytetracycline in shallow transparent water environment.     

基于问卷调查的淮河水环境状况评估

通过问卷对淮河流域干流、沙颍河的水环境状况进行了调查,调查的对象包括沿河居住的农民、渔民和城市居民.结果显示,评估期内(2005-2010年)淮河水质没有明显改善,不同河段水质现状差异较大.沙河和淮河干流中游下段蚌埠闸、五河等断面和洪泽湖水质较好,满足游泳或水产养殖功能,颍河和淮河干流中游上段王家坝、润河集、鲁台子等断面水质较差,仅能满足灌溉功能；颍河上游、淮河干流中游下段水质好转,颍河下游、淮河干流中游上段水质恶化；淮河生态仍在恶化中,水生动植物持续减少,河畔林减少;部分居民因水质恶劣发生取水困难;渔业生产也遭受严重损失,淮河下游著名渔场——洪泽湖渔场仍面临水污染的威胁.