我国环保产业研究现状分析——基于宏观视角的文献述评

通过文献研究法,基于宏观视角对我国环保产业研究成果进行梳理。当前,我国的环保产业研究成果初具规模,研究重点在于环保产业的现状分析、问题探讨以及对策研究,包括环保产业各主体间博弈均衡、环保产业的技术支持、投融资机制等内容。未来环保产业研究应注意环保产业竞争力的科学评价、环保产业主体间的良性互动及其合力的达成以及环保技术评价和兑现。     

Determination of the archaeal and bacterial communities in two-phase and single-stage anaerobic systems by 454 pyrosequencing

2-Phase anaerobic digestion (AD), where the acidogenic phase was operated at 2 day hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the methanogenic phase at 10 days HRT, had been evaluated to determine if it could provide higher organic reduction and methane production than the conventional single-stage AD (also operated at 12 days HRT). 454 pyrosequencing was performed to determine and compare the microbial communities. The acidogenic reactor of the 2-phase system yielded a unique bacterial community of the lowest richness and diversity, while bacterial profiles of the methanogenic reactor closely followed the single-stage reactor. All reactors were predominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens, mainly Methanolinea. Unusually, the acidogenic reactor contributed up to 24% of total methane production in the 2-phase system. This could be explained by the presence of Methanosarcina and Methanobrevibacter, and their activities could also help regulate reactor alkalinity during high loading conditions through carbon dioxide production. The enrichment of hydrolytic and acidogenic Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and unclassified Bacteroidetes in the acidogenic reactor would have contributed to the improved sludge volatile solids degradation, and ultimately the overall 2-phase system''s performance. Syntrophic acetogenic microorganisms were absent in the acidogenic reactor but present in the downstream methanogenic reactor, indicating the retention of various metabolic pathways also found in a single-stage system. The determination of key microorganisms further expands our understanding of the complex biological functions in AD process.     

超声雾化法捕集气溶胶的试验研究

核设施退役过程,放射性气溶胶浓度较高,需要进行处理,以降低工作人员辐照风险。研究捕集剂配方、雾化通入量等对模拟气溶胶捕集效果的影响,结果表明:捕集剂配方对气溶胶捕集的效果差异明显;粒径越小的气溶胶粒子被雾化捕集的速度较慢;捕集剂通入量在0.06 kg/m3以下,对气溶胶捕集效果影响显著。对等离子切割解体设备产生的241Am、239Pu污染气溶胶进行雾化捕集,初始污染水平为136 Bq/m3的气溶胶经雾化捕集后可降至1.23 Bq/m3,捕集的效果显著。     

Toluene decomposition performance and NOx by-product formation during a DBD-catalyst process

Characteristics of toluene decomposition and formation of nitrogen oxide (NO_x) by-products were investigated in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor with/without catalyst at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Four kinds of metal oxides, i.e., manganese oxide (MnOx), iron oxide (FeOx), cobalt oxide (CoOx) and copper oxide (CuO), supported on Al₂O₃/nickel foam, were used as catalysts. It was found that introducing catalysts could improve toluene removal efficiency, promote decomposition of by-product ozone and enhance CO₂ selectivity. In addition,NO_xwas suppressedwith the decrease of specific energy density (SED) and the increase of humidity, gas flow rate and toluene concentration, or catalyst introduction. Among the four kinds of catalysts, the CuO catalyst showed the best performance in NO_x suppression. The MnOx catalyst exhibited the lowest concentration of O₃ and highest CO₂ selectivity but the highest concentration of NOx. A possible pathway for NOx production in DBD was discussed. The contributions of oxygen active species and hydroxyl radicals are dominant in NOx suppression.     

关于城市室内环境污染治理的探讨

针对关于城市室内环境污染治理的探讨问题,提出选择治理手段来控制室内环境污染,保障人体健康显得尤为重要.介绍了室内环境污染治理技术,如光催化技术、物理吸附技术、高温熏蒸技术、臭氧和空气负离子净化技术,探讨了室内污染治理存在的误区,包括过度信赖活性炭、过度信赖植物吸附、受产品宣传误导,提出了如何选择室内污染治理手段,主要包括从根本上杜绝污染、根据装修材料选择治理手段和根据房间的布局及使用功能选择治理手段.     

Mechanism of Cu(Ⅱ) adsorption inhibition on biochar by its aging process

Biochar exposed in the environment may experience a series of surface changes, which is called biochar aging. In order to study the effects of biochar aging on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption, we analyzed the surface properties before and after biochar aging with scanning electron microscopy（SEM） coupled to an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer（EDX） and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy（DRIFTS）, and then explored the influence of the aging process on Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption by batch experiments. After the aging process, the oxygen concentration, phenolic hydroxyl groups, aromatic ethers and other oxygen-containing functional groups on the biochar surface increased, while carboxyl groups slightly decreased. Thus, over a range of pH, the cation exchange capacity（CEC） and adsorption capacity of Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar were smaller than those of new biochar,indicating that when biochar is incubated at constant temperature and water holding capacity in the dark, the aging process may inhibit Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Meanwhile, the dissociation characteristics of oxygen-containing functional groups changed through the aging process, which may be the mechanism by which the biochar aging process inhibits the Cu（Ⅱ） adsorption. Carboxyl groups became more easily dissociated at low pH（3.3–5.0）,and the variation of maximum adsorption capability（qm） of Cu（Ⅱ） on the old biochar was enlarged. Phenolic hydroxyl groups increased after the aging, making them and carboxyl groups more difficult to dissociate at high pH（5.0–6.8）, and the variation of qmof Cu（Ⅱ） on the aged biochar was reduced.     

成都地区不同利用类型土壤中短链氯化石蜡研究

为了解成都地区土壤中短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)的污染现状和分布特征,该研究采用气相色谱-电子捕获负化学离子源-低分辨质谱仪(GC-ECNI-LRMS)测定了成都46个表层土样和5个剖面土样中SCCPs的含量水平,并分析其同族体组分的分布模式。结果表明,成都表层土样中SCCPs的含量范围为0.22~3.26 ng/g,均值为1.40 ng/g;剖面土样中SCCPs的含量范围为0.42~2.29 ng/g,均值为0.77 ng/g;不同类型土壤中SCCPs的各同系物的分布模式有所异同,氯原子的同系物以低氯取代的(Cl6~Cl8)的SCCPs为主,碳原子的同系物在不同类型土壤中C10、C11、C12和C13-SCCPs的分布则有很大不同。土壤中SCCPs的浓度位于已有研究数据的较低端水平,且和有机质含量不存在线性相关。     

西安市高新区采暖期大气颗粒物污染状况分析

为了解西安市高新区采暖期大气颗粒物(包括PM1 0和PM2.5)污染状况,于2013年1月1日到2013年3月15日在高新区进行了为期74 d的连续自动采样。结果表明:采样期间高新区PM1 0的小时浓度范围28~1744μg/m3,平均浓度为332μg/m3;PM2.5的小时浓度范围13~946μg/m3,平均浓度为207μg/m3。PM2.5占PM1 0的平均比例为63.8%。颗粒物浓度日变化呈现弱双峰特征,分别在凌晨2:00和上午7:00~8:00左右达到浓度最高值,但是上午的峰值并不明显。颗粒物在15:00~1 6:00之间浓度达到最低值,由于受采暖影响,18:00之后颗粒物浓度明显上升。     

固城湖水环境污染状况与来源分析

对2001~2011年固城湖水环境污染状况评价与时空变化特征分析的基础上,探讨了固城湖的特征污染物及污染来源。结果表明,固城湖水质污染的主要超标因子为TN和TP;总体水质呈现先恶化再改善的趋势,污染由拦河网水域向小湖区水域扩散;固城湖湖体水质基本上劣于水环境功能区划要求;固城湖特征污染物为COD+M n、NH4-N、TN、TP、BOD 5;富营养化程度不断加重,之后又有所改善;氮磷污染的主要来源是水产养殖污染。     

我国煤矸石综合利用现状及前景展望

煤矸石是我国排放量最大的工业固体废物之一,其长期存放,不仅占用大量土地,而且还会污染大气、土壤和水体。本文介绍了我国煤矸石综合利用技术政策和控制目标,分析了我国煤矸石综合利用现状,在此基础上展望煤矸石综合利用的发展前景。