Identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors (BLRs) with anaerobic granular sludge and residual activated sludge for brewery wastewater treatment and kinetic modeling

Two identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors treating brewery wastewater were inoculated with different types of sludge to compare their operational conditions, sludge characteristics, and kinetic models at a mesophilic temperature. One reactor （R1） started up with anaerobic granular sludge in 12 weeks and obtained a continuously average organic loading rate （OLR） of 7.4 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m3.day）, COD removal efficiency of 80%, and effluent COD of 450 mg/L. The other reactor （R2） started up with residual activated sludge in 30 weeks and granulation accomplished when the reactor reached an average OLR of 8.3 kg COD/（m^3·day）, COD removal efficiency of 90%, and effluent COD of 240 mg/L. Differences in sludge characteristics,biogas compositions, and biogas- lift processes may be accounted for the superior efficiency of the treatment performance of R2 over R1. Grau second-order and modified StoverKincannon models based on influent and effluent concentrations as well as hydraulic retention time were successfully used to develop kinetic parameters of the experimental data with high correlation coefficients （R2 〉 0.95）, which further showed that R2 had higher treatment performance than R1. These results demonstrated that residual activated sludge could be used effectively instead of anaerobic granular sludge despite the need for a longer time.     

新型后置反硝化工艺处理低C/N(C/P)比污水脱氮除磷性能研究

从内碳源有效利用角度出发,开发了新型连续流后置反硝化AOA工艺,将厌氧段混合液按一定比例分流至缺氧段,从而强化缺氧段反硝化除磷作用.进水NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P浓度保持在(38.31±2.03) mg·L^-1和(5.74±0.13) mg·L^-1,在不同运行阶段进水COD分别控制在300 mg·L^-1和250 mg·L^-1,考察了AOA工艺处理低C/N(C/P)比污水过程影响因素.当进水C/N比和C/P比分别为7.41±0.26和52.36±1.25时,通过将SRT由10 d延长到16 d,系统TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别稳定在65.86%±2.06%和90.00%±3.97%;当进水C/N比、C/P比降至6.14±0.32和43.40±1.37时,在SRT为16 d条件下,将A/O/A体积比由1/3/1调整为1/2/2,TN和PO₄^3--P去除率分别升至69.76%±3.36%和98.73%±1.82%.结果表明,采用控制SRT、调整好氧/缺氧HRT等策略,可保证处理低C/N(C/P)比污水AOA工艺高效稳定运行.     

地下水除铁除锰技术研究进展

对地下水铁锰污染现状及危害进行了介绍,概述了地下水铁锰去除技术方法:主要包括自然氧化法、接触氧化法、生物氧化法等。重点综述了生物法除铁锰的研究进展,从滤料、微生物筛选及驯化、运行条件等方面进行强化以提高除铁除锰效率,是该研究方向的重点。     

中国排污许可证制度执行现状调查

本研究以广州、石家庄、兰州、哈尔滨和大同5个城市为调研对象,收集各城市20年来许可证相关的法规制度,并与各城市环境保护监管部门负责人及典型企业环保专职人员进行了访谈。研究表明,中国排污许可证制度在提高企业环保守法意识和推动总量减排上起到了明显作用,但也面临着法律体系不完善,行政资源不足、排放量核算方法不明确、处罚力度弱以及公众参与不充分等问题。在此基础上,本研究提出中国排污许可证制度的改进建议,为决策部门制定相应的政策提供科学和技术的支撑。     

人类生存的基石--土地

中国有960万平方公里的土地,曾使一代代炎黄子孙产生过地大物博的豪情。而今天,国土却在自我蚕食中萎缩、退化、撂荒,不良使用、沙漠化、贫瘠化而呻吟。“神舟”五号宇宙飞船上发回的地球照片昭示国人：我国北边的俄罗斯是绿色的,南边的东南亚是绿色的,而中国则是枯黄一片。中国农田的废弃速度居世界首位,早在1987年,联合国粮农组织发布过中国的土地资料,称中国可耕地面积减少2.4亿亩,相当于丢掉了一个法国或者三个半日本,实际营耕面积15亿亩,     

西安市混合功能区冬夏季大气颗粒物中可溶性Fe的分布特征

可溶性铁(Fe)一方面作为营养元素影响着生物地球化学循环,另一方面作为氧化剂对大气二次气溶胶的形成也有重要影响.本文分别开展了西安市混合功能区冬夏季不同粒径大气颗粒物的观测研究,通过使用改良的液体波导毛细管池(LWCC)测定颗粒物中酸性介质提取的可溶性铁浓度,并探究其季节变化、昼夜分布及粒径分布特征.季节分布特征表明,可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)浓度冬季高于夏季,而可溶性Fe(Ⅲ)浓度则夏季高于冬季.不同价态的可溶性Fe的季节分布特征差异明显,白天PM2.5中可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)和总可溶性性Fe的质量浓度和溶解度都大于夜晚的PM2.5样品,Fe(Ⅲ)则白天与夜晚无明显区别.粒径分布结果表明,溶解性Fe主要分布在细颗粒物中,且大气颗粒物的粒径越小,Fe(Ⅱ)sol与Fe(Ⅱ)total之比的变化范围越大,可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)之间的转化更为活跃.     

Binding of the veterinary drug tetracycline to bovine hemoglobin and toxicological implications

Tetracycline (TC) is a widely used veterinary drug in animal breeding and fishery. Because of its low bioavailability, the TC residue extensively exists in the environment (e.g. soils, lakes and rivers), which can enter the human body, being potentially harmful. Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein responsible for oxygen carrying in the vascular system of animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of bovine hemoglobin (BHb) with TC through spectroscopic and molecular modeling methods. The experimental results revealed that TC can interact with BHb with one binding site to form a TC-BHb complex, mainly through van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. The UV-visible absorption, synchronous fluorescence, and circular dichroism (CD) results revealed that the binding of TC can cause conformational and some microenvironmental changes of BHb, which may affect BHb physiological functions. The synchronous fluorescence experiment disclosed that TC binds into BHb central cavity, which was verified by molecular modeling study. The work contributes to clarify the molecular mechanism of TC toxicity in vivo.     

SBR分段进水工艺提高污水厂的脱氮效率

研究了SBR分段进水工艺用于污水厂升级改造并提高脱氮效率的方法,通过对昆明某污水厂实际运行工艺的实际调研,决定从运行模式、进水方式和排水比变化三方面用SBR研究影响脱氮效率的因素。结果表明,将原工艺2次搅拌、2次曝气的运行模式改为1次搅拌、1次曝气,会改善原模式下第2次搅拌过程中无反硝化反应的状况,提高系统的总氮去除率;将原工艺连续进水的方式改变为间歇进水,系统的脱氮效率提高了5%以上;分3个阶段研究了排水比在20%~40%之间变化对总氮去除率的影响,每阶段2个反应器的对比实验发现,排水比变大相应的总氮去除率升高,但当排水比为35%和40%时系统出水中会有较高浓度的氨氮,因此,排水比为30%最为合宜。     

Characteristics of surface ozone at an urban site of Xi'an in Northwest China

Surface ozone concentrations in Xi'an, China were monitored from March 23, 2008 to January 12, 2009 using the Model ML/EC9810 ozone analyzer. The daily average O(3) ranged from <1 ppb to 64.2 ppbv with an annual average of 16.0 ppbv. The seasonal average of O(3) in summer (32.5 ppbv) was more than 10 times higher than that in winter (3.0 ppbv). A significant positive correlation was found between ozone concentration and ambient temperature, indicating that the intensity of solar radiation was one of the several major factors controlling surface ozone production. Using the NOAA HYSPLIT 4 trajectory model, the three longest O(3) pollution episodes were found to be associated with the high biogenic volatile organic carbon (BVOC) emissions from the vegetation of Qinling Mountains. No significant weekday and weekend difference in O(3) levels was detected due to the non-significant change in NO(x) emissions. O(3) depletion by NO emission directly emitted from vehicles, low oxygenated VOC concentrations, and low-level solar radiation caused by high aerosol loading all contributed to the low levels of O(3) found in Xi'an compared to other cities and rural areas.