北运河上游南沙河段与下游城市副中心段鱼类群落分布特征及影响因子研究

根据2019年10月对北运河上游南沙河段与下游城市副中心段鱼类调查数据,采用SPSS统计学方法相关性分析和CCA典范对应分析,研究人为活动因素干扰剧烈的非自然状态条件下,北运河鱼类群落结构及分布特征与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明：在北运河调查到鱼类分属3目5科11属14种,表现为种属偏低、高抗污染、广布型的特征,其中,上游南沙河段鱼类共调查到7种,以麦穗鱼为优势种,典型反映出鱼类群落单一和小型的特征,下游城市副中心段调查到鱼类13种,大鳞副泥鳅、麦穗鱼、泥鳅为优势种.北运河鱼类群落多样性指数整体偏低,上游南沙河段Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数均低于下游城市副中心段鱼类群落各指数,主要与鱼类群落单一小型、栖息地环境及人类活动等因素有关.影响鱼类群落分布的环境因子中,ρ（NO₃^--N）、ρ（TP）、ρ（COD）对上游南沙河段鱼类群落的分布影响较大,ρ（NH₄⁺-N）、ρ（TP）对下游城市副中心段鱼类群落分布影响较大,多样性指数均表现出与ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃^--N）呈显著负相关（p<0.01）,表明上、下游河段不同的水质状况与鱼类群落分布和多样性特征有一定关联性.未来北运河鱼类群落的恢复应重点围绕水质改善、丰富生境营造等工作开展.该研究可为北运河流域管理特别是河道生态修复工作提供依据,具有一定的区域指导意义.     

中国北方二氧化硫发生源向南方输送模拟研究

酸雨问题是中国的一个环球问题,本研究利用HYSPLIT_4模型模拟了中国北方地区二氧化硫放出后其迁移、扩散、和沉积过程。二氧化硫放出后向周边地区扩散,到达南方长江三角洲的上海市后产生浓度分布和沉积。2001年9月、10月、11月和12月北方放出的二氧化硫对南方影响较大,二氧化硫气团以华北地区为浓度中心向南方迁移,在上海市9月份出现各月垂直层中浓度和地表沉积的最大值,且地表沉积量与0m-500m层的二氧化硫浓度密切相关。     

光量子分解技术在污水处理站臭气污染治理中的应用

本文通过蒙牛乳业包头有限责任公司污水处理站臭气治理工程的实践,分析污水处理站臭气污染的成因、除臭工艺的原理,完善了除臭工艺设计和参数,从经济性和运行可靠性方面总结了光量子分解臭气装置在实际应用方面的优劣。     

三种添加剂对矿冶区多种重金属污染土壤的修复效果评估——大豆苗期盆栽实验

以湖南省水口山矿冶区周边的农田土壤为供试土壤,通过人工添加化学改良剂的植物盆栽实验,研究了添加不同量的赤泥(质量分数1%、2%、5%)、磷灰石(质量分数1%、2%、5%)、亚硒酸钠(0.1、1、5 mg·k-1,以硒计)对苗期大豆生长及其吸收重金属As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的影响.结果表明,添加5%赤泥明显提高了土壤...     

水陆交错带土壤氮素空间分异规律研究——以月亮泡水陆交错带为例

研究了氮素在水陆交错带的水平和垂直分异规律。结果表明表层土壤氮素水平分异显著高于下层（NH4^ －N除外）且随水分梯度分异；表层土壤各形态氮素含量基本上呈由近水体向高岗地带递减的分异趋势；但下层土壤氮素分异因形态不同而异，NO3^-－N含量由中间带向两侧递减，NH4^＋－N变异方向则与表层变异相反，K－N、OR－N与TN分异趋势相似且与表层变异一致；NO3^-－N因具有迁移性和易淋失性而使其空间分异最为显著；NH4^ －N较稳定，易被土壤胶体所吸附不易向下淋失，空间分异程度最小；K－N、OR－N与TN垂直分异趋势也具相似性；水陆交错带湿地土壤中的氮素含量与SOM和TP密切相关，而pH值对氮素分异的影响则不太显著。     

浦东机场垃圾焚烧处理设计

系统地介绍了浦东国际机场航空垃圾焚烧处理工艺 ,对航空垃圾焚烧处理的设计条件、系统流程和物料平衡等主要工艺参数及过程安全控制进行了详细的阐述。     

采油污水生物处理技术

采油污水是石油工业中的重点污染源之一。本文论述了采油污水生物处理的难度和技术可行性 ,总结了国内外近年来采油污水生物处理技术的现状及研究进展。     

Remediation mechanisms of mercapto-grafted palygorskite for cadmium pollutant in paddy soil

The immobilization agent was the key factor that determined the success of remediation of heavy metal polluted soil. In this study, mercapto-grafted palygorskite (MP) as a novel and efficient immobilization agent was utilized for the remediation of Cd-polluted paddy soil in pot trials, and the remediation mechanisms were investigated in the aspect of soil chemistry and plant physiology with different rice cultivars as model plants. Mercapto-grafted palygorskite at applied doses of 0.1–0.3% could reduce Cd contents of brown rice and straws of different cultivars significantly. Both reduced DTPA-extractable Cd contents in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil and decreasing Cd contents in iron plaques on rice root surfaces confirmed that MP was an efficient immobilization agent for Cd pollutant in paddy soil. In the aspect of soil chemistry, the pH values of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils had no statistical changes in the MP treatment groups, but their zeta potentials decreased obviously, indicating that MP could enhance the fixation or sorption of Cd on soil compositions. In the aspect of antioxidant system, MP could increase POD activity of rice roots significantly to alleviate the stress of Cd to roots, and resulted in the decrease of T-AOC, SOD, and CAT activities of rice roots of the selected cultivars. MP had no inhabitation or enhancement effects on TSH of rice roots but enhance the contents of MTs and NPT to binding Cd to complete detoxification process. MP as a novel and efficient immobilization agent could complete the remediation effects through soil chemistry and plant physiological mechanisms.

     

基于TOP-RICE模型嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂稻田水溢出对水生生态系统风险评估研究

为评估嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂在我国稻田水溢出对水生生态系统的风险,本研究依据中华人民共和国农业行业标准NY/T 2882.2—2016《农药登记环境风险评估指南第2部分:水生生态系统》,采用TOP-RICE暴露模型分别单独评估了嘧菌酯和噻呋酰胺2种有效成分稻田滴撒方式应用时水溢出对水生生态系统的风险。其中,TOP-RICE初级暴露模型中有我国连平和南昌2个水稻-地下水暴露场景,每个场景都对分蘖期和拔节期进行分别评估。分析结果显示,嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂中的嘧菌酯按照申请的良好农业规范(GAP)使用,生物富集风险可接受,初级风险评估对无脊椎动物(急性)和无脊椎动物(慢性)风险不可接受,但经中宇宙研究后,在连平和南昌2个场景点,均为拔节期用药对无脊椎动物的风险可接受,但分蘖期用药对无脊椎动物的风险不可接受;嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂中的噻呋酰胺按照申请的GAP使用,生物富集带来的风险可以接受,经初级风险评估风险均可接受。在忽略2种有效成分相互间作用时,初步认为嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺4%展膜油剂在我国稻田拔节期按照GAP要求施用时水溢出对水生生态系统的风险可接受,但应避免在分蘖期用药,以免其中的有效成分嘧菌酯对水生无脊椎动物产生不良影响。     

Metal immobilization by sludge-derived biochar: roles of mineral oxides and carbonized organic compartment

Pyrolyzing sludge into biochar is a potentially promising recycling/disposal solution for municipal wastewater sludge, and the sludge-derived biochar (SDBC) presents an excellent sorbent for metal immobilization. As SDBC is composed of both mineral oxides and carbonized organic compartment, this study therefore compared the sorption behaviour of Pb and Zn on SDBC to those of individual and mixture of activated carbon (AC) and amorphous aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃). Batch experiments were conducted at 25 and 45 °C, and the metal-loaded sorbents were artificially aged in the atmosphere for 1–60 days followed by additional sorption experiments. The Pb sorption was generally higher than Zn sorption, and the co-presence of Pb reduced Zn sorption on each studied sorbent. Higher sorption capacities were observed at 45 °C than 25 °C for SDBC and AC, while the opposite was shown for Al₂O₃, indicating the significance of temperature-dependent diffusion processes in SDBC and AC. Nevertheless, metal sorption was more selective on Al₂O₃ that showed a greater affinity towards Pb over Zn under competition, correlating with the reducible fraction of sequential extraction. Furthermore, significant amounts of Pb and Zn were additionally sorbed on SDBC following 30-day ageing. The X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of metal-phosphate precipitates, while the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a larger quantity of metal–oxygen bonding after 30-day ageing of metal-loaded SDBC. The results may imply favourable long-term transformation and additional sorption capacity of SDBC. In conclusion, SDBC resembles the sorption characteristics of both organic and mineral sorbents in different aspects, presenting an appropriate material for metal immobilization during soil amendment.