Allometric scaling and accidents at work

Allometry is the knowledge concerning relations between the features of some beings, like animals, or cities. For example, the daily energy rate is proportional to a mass of mammals rise of 3/4. This way of thinking has spread quickly from biology to many areas of research concerned with sociotechnical systems. It was revealed that the number of innovations, patents or heavy crimes rises as social interaction increases in a bigger city, while other urban indexes such as suicides decrease with social interaction. Enterprise is also a sociotechnical system, where social interaction and accidents at work take place. Therefore, do these interactions increase the number of accidents at work or, on the contrary, are they reduction-driving components? This article tries to catch such links and assess the allometric exponent between the number of accidents at work and the number of employees in an enterprise.     

太原城区PM_(2.5)重金属元素季节变化及形态分析

为了研究太原城区PM_(2.5)重金属污染变化特征和存在形态,于2012年不同季节采用大流量PM_(2.5)采样器,对太原市坞城区PM_(2.5)进行采样。运用火焰/石墨炉原子吸收、Fernández连续提取等方法,在对PM_(2.5)中5种重金属含量水平进行分析测试的基础上,对不同重金属的富集因子进行了计算和分析,并研究了其中Cd和Pb的不同化学形态分布特征。研究结果表明,采样期间PM_(2.5)日均浓度高达216.71μg/m3,为PM_(2.5)国家二级标准日均限值的2.89倍。4个季节PM_(2.5)中5种重金属元素的浓度大小,均呈现出相同的变化规律:ZnPbCuCrCd,Pb、Cr、Cu冬季高于其他季节,Zn夏季最高,Cd无明显季节变化,燃煤和超重型工业结构特征是导致PM_(2.5)中Cr和Cu明显高于其它城市的主要原因。重金属的富集因子计算结果表明,Cd和Pb是太原市PM_(2.5)中的典型污染元素。冬季PM_(2.5)中Cd和Pb形态分析结果表明,Cd和Pb 3种形态F1、F2和F3占比之和分别为81%和68%,Cd的活性和潜在活性均大于Pb,因此,太原城区PM_(2.5)中Cd和Pb对人体健康的影响应引起高度重视。     

食物缺乏对方斑东风螺幼螺代谢的影响

通过室内模拟测定了方斑东风螺幼螺在禁食120 d中耗氧与氨氮排泄的连续变化.结果显示,随着饥饿时间延长,幼螺耗氧率呈指数式下降;排氨率先较快下降后有一定程度回升,实验结束时分别下降为对照的37.02%,75.32%.饥饿60 d前,氧氮比(O/N)较高(35.34～46.56),60～90 d有所下降(25.92～28...     

不同水文情景下白洋淀水体好氧反硝化菌群对水质因子的动态响应

为探究不同水文情景下白洋淀水体好氧反硝化菌群的演变规律和驱动机制,基于水质调查和高通量测序技术,进行了水体水质因子分析、好氧反硝化菌群α多样性分析、物种组成和网络分析.结果表明,白洋淀水体呈弱碱性,丰水期水体T最高,DO最低,冰封期T最低,DO最高.白洋淀水体在枯水期、丰水期、平水期和冰封期下NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO₃ ^--N、TN、高锰酸盐指数、Fe和Mn之间均存在显著差异（P < 0.01）,其中TP在不同水文情景下不存在显著差异（P > 0.05）.不同水文情景下水体中最大的细菌门类为Proteobacteria,相对丰度较高的属为Magnetospirillum、Aeromonas、Pseudomonas、Azospirillum和Bradyrhizobium.此外,好氧反硝化菌群的α多样性均存在显著差异（P < 0.001）,冰封期菌群丰富度最高,枯水期和冰封期菌群的多样性和均匀度最高.经RDA、Mantel分析,菌群的水质驱动因子在不同水文情景下有所差异,枯水期菌群的水质驱动因子为pH、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N和高锰酸盐指数,丰水期菌群的驱动因子为pH、T、DO、NO₂^--N和TP,平水期的驱动因子为NO₂^--N、Fe和高锰酸盐指数,冰封期菌群的驱动因子为NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N.网络分析表明与水质驱动因子相关的物种存在时间差异,枯水期与水质驱动因子相关的属为Magnetospirillum、Aeromonas和Azoarcus,与丰水期相关的属为Magnetospirillum、Pseudomonas和Aeromonas,与平水期相关的属为Magnetospirillum、Pseudomonas和Limnohabitans,与冰封期相关的属为Magnetospirillum、Azoarcus和Pseudomonas.不同水文情景关键水质因子（主要是T、DO、NO₃^--N和高锰酸盐指数）与好氧反硝化菌群之间的关联关系,随着时间演变也在逐渐发生变化.综上,通过对不同水文情景下白洋淀水体好氧反硝化菌群演变特征及环境因子驱动机制进行研究,可为认识天然环境中好氧反硝化菌群演变机制提供依据.     

城市河道再生水特征水质因子空间变异机制分析

受城市污水处理厂处理工艺的限制和水源来源复杂等因素限制,再生水中富含的无机氮和痕量持久性有机物在河湖补给过程中通过侧向渗漏或生物累积的方式造成潜在人体健康风险.探究再生水补给河道不同类型再生水特征水质因子空间变异规律及其成因对于河湖管理具有重要意义.以北运河京津冀段为研究区域,借助于聚类、判别、主成分和方差分解等方法探...     

Ambient ozone in forests of the Central and Eastern European mountains

Ambient ozone (O(3)) concentrations in the forested areas of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) mountains measured on passive sampler networks and in several locations equipped with active monitors are reviewed. Some areas of the Carpathian Mountains, especially in Romania and parts of Poland, as well as the Sumava and Brdy Mountains in the Czech Republic are characterized by low European background concentrations of the pollutant (summer season means approximately 30 ppb). Other parts of the Carpathians, especially the western part of the range (Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Poland), some of the Eastern (Ukraine) and Southern (Romania) Carpathians and the Jizerske Mountains have high O(3) levels with peak values >100 ppb and seasonal means approximately 50 ppb. Large portions of the CEE mountain forests experience O(3) exposures that are above levels recommended for protection of forest and natural vegetation. Continuation of monitoring efforts with a combination of active monitors and passive samplers is needed for developing risk assessment scenarios for forests and other natural areas of the CEE Region.     

Alarming decline of freshwater trigger species in western Mediterranean key biodiversity areas

Theidentification of key biodiversity areas (KBA) was initiated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004 to overcome taxonomic biases in the selection of important areas for conservation, including freshwater ecosystems. Since then, several KBAs have been identified mainly based on the presence of trigger species (i.e., species that trigger either the vulnerability and or the irreplaceability criterion and thus identify a site as a KBA). However, to our knowledge, many of these KBAs have not been validated. Therefore, classical surveys of the taxa used to identify freshwater KBAs (fishes, molluscs, odonates, and aquatic plants) were conducted in Douro (Iberian Peninsula) and Sebou (Morocco) River basins in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Environmental DNA analyses were undertaken in the Moroccan KBAs. There was a mismatch between the supposed and actual presence of trigger species. None of the trigger species were found in 43% and 50% of all KBAs surveyed in the Douro and Sebou basins, respectively. Shortcomings of freshwater KBA identification relate to flawed or lack of distribution data for trigger species. This situation results from a misleading initial identification of KBAs based on poor (or even inaccurate) ecological information or due to increased human disturbance between initial KBA identification and the present. To improve identification of future freshwater KBAs, we suggest selecting trigger species with a more conservative approach; use of local expert knowledge and digital data (to assess habitat quality, species distribution, and potential threats); consideration of the subcatchment when delineating KBAs boundaries; thoughtful consideration of terrestrial special areas for conservation limits; and periodic field validation.     

臭氧/活性炭协同作用去除二级出水中DON

为探讨臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附对城市污水厂二级出水中溶解性有机氮(DON)的去除机制,首先测定二级出水DON、溶解性有机炭(DOC)、UV254、pH值等指标.接着通过臭氧氧化试验和活性炭吸附试验来考察二级出水中DON、DOC和UV254变化,以及DON分子量分布和DON亲疏水性变化,并应用三维荧光光谱对二级出水中DON变化进行表征.结果表明,当臭氧投加量为8mg/L,DON的去除率大约为33.9%,DOC和UV254去除率约21.2%、66.7%;当活性炭投加量为2.0g/L,DON、DOC和UV254的去除率大约为43.4%、27.6%、92.2%;臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附组合试验时,对DON的去除率大约为83.3%和81.5%;臭氧氧化提高小分子量( 20kDa)的DON所占比例;活性炭吸附降低小分子量( 20kDa)DON所占比例为;臭氧氧化和活性炭吸附都提高亲水性DON所占比例,而降低疏水性和过渡性DON所占比例;三维荧光光谱证实,二级出水中DON变化与3个主要峰有关,分别代表物质为色氨酸类蛋白质、芳香族类蛋白质和富里酸类物质.     

Identifying trophic relationships within the high Arctic benthic community: how much can fatty acids tell?

Multivariate analysis of fatty acids (FA) profiles proved to be a useful tool for demonstrating feeding preferences of Arctic invertebrates belonging to several taxonomic groups collected during summer and winter seasons in the Spitsbergen fjords (Arctic). Within phytodetrivorous taxa, the enhanced proportions of 16:1n-7, C16 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 20:5n-3 in crustaceans clearly reflected selective ingestion of diatoms, while high amounts of 22:6n-3 and C18 FAs found in molluscs indicated flagellate-based nutrition. High levels of C20 PUFA and 16:1n-7 together with the typical bacterial FAs were found in winter specimens of deposit-feeding polychaetes showing their reliance on highly reworked organic matter during this season. Our results suggest that 18:1n-9 may not be a reliable marker of carnivory feeding within benthic taxa. Lipid signatures of omnivores and carnivores/detrivores usually originated from a variety of dietary sources, of which few possess highly characteristic FA features. Still, elevated levels of Calanus markers (20:1 and 22:1 moieties) characterized species linked to the pelagic food chains, while 20:4n-6 proved to be a useful indicator of foraminiferan consumption. We highlight the need for a multimethod approach, since complexity of benthic food webs along with general lack of unambiguous FA trophic markers prevents tracking of trophic relationships with use of FA analysis alone. Based on their FA composition, we showed that benthic species represent a source of essential PUFA and could play a fundamental role in the Arctic food webs transferring energy derived from variable pelagic and benthic resources to upper trophic levels.     

北京城区大气颗粒物中六价铬的污染特征及来源

为研究北京城区大气颗粒物中六价铬污染特征及来源,利用低流量采样器进行大气颗粒物采样,利用离子色谱分离、柱后衍生紫外的方法分析其中六价铬的浓度,优化了样品前处理方法.结果表明,采样期间北京城区大气颗粒物中六价铬浓度为200±86 pg·m-3,晴天六价铬浓度均值为273±84 pg·m-3;霾天其浓度均值为181±76 pg·m-3.统计分析表明,六价铬与NOx(r=0.394)在0.05水平上显著相关,六价铬与相对湿度(r=-0.534)在0.01水平上显著相关.后向轨迹簇分析表明,来自偏南方向的气团时,六价铬浓度为181.0±83.4 pg·m-3,而来自偏北方向气团时,六价铬浓度为226.5±83.1 pg·m-3.