夏季沿岸上升流对珠江河口水域中铜的形态分布与生物毒性的影响

对珠江河口及近海水域样品中金属铜的总铜(CuT)、溶解态铜(CuD)以及游离态铜(Cuf)的含量进行分析.结果表明,总铜的质量浓度有自河口向外海递增的趋势,并非完全体现陆源性规律.说明研究水域中金属铜不仅可能具有其他来源,同时在很大程度上受到沿岸上升流的影响.但是游离态铜的分布却表现出相反的规律,无论是游离态铜的含量还是游离态铜在总铜中所占的份额都自河口向外海随盐度的增加而降低.研究还测定了不同盐度水样的杜氏藻培养后对铜的吸收量,即通过金属铜对藻类的生物有效性验证了铜形态的分布规律.      

海洋中有毒有机污染物的监测方法研究进展

以海洋中有毒有机污染物监测方法的发展为主线,系统介绍了这些方法的前处理和分析手段,简要概述了各监测方法的优缺点。发现了目前已有的监测方法大都仅停留在对各单一目标有机污染物进行化学监测的阶段,指出了需要发展不仅能获得有效的化学监测信息,而且能直接反映多种混合有机污染物对海洋生物的总生物有效性的新的监测方法,以推动我国海洋污染监测的进一步发展,为维护海洋生态系统的健康发展提供可靠的科学方法和理论依据。     

DG-DGGE分析除臭生物滤池微生物多样性及富集后的种群结构差异

以细菌的通用引物PCR扩增16SrRNA基因的V3可变区,结合应用双梯度变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGDGGE)技术分析除臭生物滤池中不同空间层次的微生物种群的基因多样性,以及富集前后的微生物种群结构变化,初步了解可培养细菌的情况,并回收主要的DNA片段进行序列分析.结果表明,在滤池的不同层次上呈现出明显的空间分布多样性差异,并且培养前后及不同培养基富集培养的微生物种群的多样性及特异性有很大的差别.序列比对显示,硫氧化细菌在除臭过程中占有优势地位,为进一步的菌种分离提供有益的指导,也为更好地处理恶臭气体提供可靠的科学支持.图4表2参18     

大亚湾沉积物中可溶性有机氮与蛋白酶和脲酶活性特征及其影响因素

为认知海湾沉积物有机氮转化机制及其对富营养化的影响,本文探讨了大亚湾表层沉积物可溶性有机氮（DON）、游离氨基酸（DFAA）含量及其关键酶活性的特征。结果表明,沉积物DON平均含量为50.56×10-6,分别占沉积物可溶性总氮（TDN）和总氮（TN）的64.52%和3.58%,DON是TDN的重要组成部分;DFAA平均含量为8.48×10-6,占DON的20.34%,表明大亚湾沉积物DON有较多易分解组分。DON和DFAA含量均与沉积物TN、总磷（TP）、有机质的含量密切相关,呈现出湾沿岸和海水养殖区较高,而湾中区域较低的分布趋势。蛋白酶和脲酶平均活性分别为61.64 mg/kg/d和86.12 mg/kg/d,蛋白酶主要与DFAA密切相关,而脲酶与DON、DFAA均密切相关,脲酶活性大小可以反映沉积物有机氮引起二次污染的风险程度。     

Different hydrodynamic processes regulated on water quality (nutrients,dissolved oxygen,and phytoplankton biomass) in three contrasting waters of Hong Kong

The subtropical Hong Kong (HK) waters are located at the eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary. Monthly changes of water quality, including nutrients, dissolved oxygen (DO), and phytoplankton biomass (Chl-a) were routinely investigated in 2003 by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in three contrasting waters of HK with different prevailing hydrodynamic processes. The western, eastern, and southern waters were mainly dominated by nutrient-replete Pearl River discharge, the nutrient-poor coastal/shelf oceanic waters, and mixtures of estuarine and coastal seawater and sewage effluent of Hong Kong, respectively. Acting in response, the water quality in these three contrasting areas showed apparently spatial–temporal variation pattern. Nutrients usually decreased along western waters to eastern waters. In the dry season, the water column was strongly mixed by monsoon winds and tidal currents, which resulted in relatively low Chl-a (<5 μg l^?1) and high bottom DO (>4 mg l^?1), suggesting that mixing enhanced the buffering capacity of eutrophication in HK waters. However, in the wet season, surface Chl-a was generally >10 μg l^?1 in southern waters in summer due to halocline and thermohaline stratification, adequate nutrients, and light availability. Although summer hypoxia (DO <2 mg l^?1) was episodically observed near sewage effluent site and in southern waters induced by vertical stratification, the eutrophication impacts in HK waters were not as severe as expected owing to P limitation and short water residence time in the wet season.     

黄海常见鱼类体内汞含量的种内和种间差异研究

海洋鱼类体内的汞含量及其影响因素是研究汞在海洋生态系统中生物放大效应的关键问题.为探明黄海鱼类体内汞含量的种内差异和种间差异,于2012年8~10月采集了9种共164条常见经济野生鱼类,用直接测汞仪测定了鱼体肌肉中的汞含量(总汞),同时测量了每个样品的体长、体重,并分析了不同种鱼类的食性和营养级.164条鱼类样品肌肉中汞含量(以干重计)变化范围为0.025~0.526μg·g-1,平均值为(0.124±0.096)μg·g-1.同一种鱼类,汞含量与体长、体重显著正相关.营养级大于2.8的捕食性鱼类体内汞含量高于营养级小于2.8的滤食性鱼类.此外,体重增长快的鱼类在生长稀释作用下,肌肉中的汞含量也较低.结果表明,体长、体重是影响黄海常见鱼类体内汞含量种内差异的重要因素,食性、营养级水平和体重增长速率的差异是影响黄海常见鱼类汞生物累积种间差异的重要因素.     

中国南海大气降水化学特征

利用中国科学院南海海洋研究所"实验3"号船南海海洋断面科学考察2012年夏季航次进行大气降水采样,测定样品pH值和主要阴阳离子浓度,结合TrajStat软件模拟后向气团轨迹,分析南海夏季大气降水离子化学特征及来源.结果表明,夏季降水pH平均值为6.3,最小值为5.6.阴阳离子浓度顺序均分别表现为Cl->SO2-4>NO-3和Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+,Cl-和Na+是主要的阴离子和阳离子,浓度平均值分别为2 637.5μeq·L-1和2 095.5μeq·L-1,表现出了海洋性大气降水的特征.7种离子间均表现出良好的线性相关关系,相关系数在0.9以上,说明它们可能具有统一来源;NO-3与其他离子的相关系数相对较低,可能NO-3具有相对复杂的来源;Ca2+和K+还可能跟南海珊瑚环境有关.本研究的6个站位后向轨迹显示,水汽气团来源于正南或西南方向,未经过大陆上空,因此本研究中南海夏季大气降水的离子来源受人为影响可以忽略.     

红纺锤水蚤(Acartia erythraea)对Cu2+和Ag+的吸收

通过对桡足类动物红纺锤水蚤(Acartia erythraea)分别在Cu2 、Ag 、Cu2 Ag 混合溶液中的暴露实验,测定了其对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速率常数、排出速率常数,并对Cu2 和Ag 在动物体内的分布状况进行了分析.结果表明,在单金属暴露的条件下,红纺锤水蚤对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速度分别为1.09×104L·g-1·d-1、3.31×104L·g-1·d-1,排出速率常数分别为0.096 d-1、0.1056 d-1.而在Cu2 Ag 的混合暴露体系中,红纺锤水蚤对Cu2 、Ag 的吸收速率分别下降到9.17×103 L·g-1·d-1、2.87×104L·g-1-d-1,Cu2 和Ag 的排出速度常数则分别降到0.084 d-1和0.1008 d-1.动态模型的模拟结果表明,Cu2 和Ag 存在一定程度的拮抗作用.与暴露在单金属溶液中的红纺锤水蚤相比较,在暴露于Cu2 、Ag 混合体系中动物体内的非极性部分所占的比重明显增加,说明其在食物链中对于上一营养级的生物有效性将明显增加.     

Methods Currently Used in Testing Microbiological Degradation and Deterioration of a Wide Range of Polymeric Materials with Various Degree of Degradability: A Review

Biodegradation of polymeric materials affect a wide range of industries, information on degradability can provide fundamental information facilitating design and life-time analysis of materials. Among the methods currently used in testing, traditional gravimetric and respirometric techniques are tailored to readily degradable polymeric materials mostly and polymer blends with biodegradable components, but they are not applicable to the new generation of engineering polymers which are relatively resistant to biodegradation. However, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been tested for monitoring biodeterioration of high strength materials and the technique has very high sensitivity. A wide range of materials including electronic insulation polyimides, fiber-reinforced polymeric composites (FRPCs) and corrosion protective polyurethane coatings have been successfully measured under inoculation of degradative microorganisms using EIS. In addition, the mechanism of degradation of high strength polymers is mainly due to the presence of plasticizers in the polymer matrices. The information on various methods discussed in this review is intended to illustrate a suite of methods for those who are interested in testing biodeterioration of polymeric materials under different environmental conditions and in selecting appropriate techniques for specific applications.     

Culturable actinobacteria isolated from marine sponge <Emphasis Type="Italic">Iotrochota</Emphasis> sp.

The study describes the diversity of actinobacteria isolated from the marine sponge Iotrochota sp. collected in the South China Sea. Species and natural product diversity of isolates were analyzed, including screening for genes encoding polyketide synthases (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), and 16S rRNA gene restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). PKS and NRPS sequences were detected in more than half of the isolates and the different “PKS-I–PKS-II–NRPS” combinations in different isolates belonging to the same species indicated a potential natural product diversity and divergent genetic evolution. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the isolates belonged to genera Streptomyces, Cellulosimicrobium, and Nocardiopsis. The majority of the strains tested belonged to the genus Streptomyces and one of them may be a new species. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a bacterium classified as Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolated from a marine sponge. Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-recourses Sustainable Utilization (LMB-CAS), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica (LMMM-GD), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, People’s Republic of China.