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91.
Thompson DM 《Environmental management》2002,29(2):250-265
Habitat-improvement structures on the Blackledge and Salmon rivers date back to the 1930s and 1950s. Forty of these structures
were investigated to determine their long-term impact on channel morphology. These structures include designs that continue
to be used in modern restoration efforts. During the intervening period since these structures were introduced, several major
floods have affected the two channels. The floods include three flows in excess of the 50-year event, including the flood
of record, which has an estimated recurrence interval of almost 300 years. Despite the extreme flooding, many structures were
discovered in varying conditions of operation. Grade-control structures and low-flow deflectors generally create some low-flow
habitat (P = 0.815) but do not produce the depth of water predicted by design manuals (P < 0.0001). Unintended erosion has developed in response to many of the channel modifications especially along the outside of meanders.
In addition, the mode of failure of grade-control structures has created localized channel widening with associated bank erosion.
Meanwhile, cover structures have produced a 30% reduction in streamside vegetation with over 75% less overhead cover than
unaltered reaches. Based on these results, it is important for prospective designers to carefully consider the long-term impacts
of instream structures when developing future channel-restoration projects. 相似文献
92.
Understanding how hydraulic factors control alluvial river meander migration can help resource managers evaluate the long-term
effects of floodplain management and bank stabilization measures. Using a numerical model based on the mechanics of flow and
sediment transport in curved river channels, we predict 50 years of channel migration and suggest the planning and ecological
implications of that migration for a 6.4-km reach (river miles 218–222) of the Sacramento River near the Woodson Bridge State
Recreation Area, California, USA.
Using four different channel management scenarios, our channel migration simulations suggest that: (1) channel stabilization
alters the future channel planform locally and downstream from the stabilization; (2) rock revetment currently on the bank
upstream from the Woodson Bridge recreation area causes more erosion of the channel bank at the recreation area than if the
revetment were not present; (3) relocating the channel to the west and allowing subsequent unconstrained river migration relieves
the erosion pressure in the Woodson Bridge area; (4) the subsequent migration reworks (erodes along one river bank and replaces
new floodplain along the other) 26.5 ha of land; and (5) the river will rework between 8.5 and 48.5 ha of land in the study
reach (over the course of 50 years), depending on the bank stabilization plan used. The reworking of floodplain lands is an
important riparian ecosystem function that maintains habitat heterogeneity, an essential factor for the long-term survival
of several threatened and endangered animal species in the Sacramento River area. 相似文献
93.
Land-cover change in upper Barataria Basin estuary,Louisiana, 1972-1992: increases in Wetland area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Barataria Basin, Louisiana, USA, is an extensive wetland and coastal estuary system of great economic and intrinsic value.
Although high rates of wetland loss along the coastal margin of the Barataria Basin have been well documented, little information
exists on whether freshwater wetlands in the upper basin have changed. Our objectives were to quantify land-cover change in
the upper basin over 20 years from 1972–1992 and to determine land-cover transition rates among land-cover types. Using 80-m
resolution Landsat MSS data from the North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) data archive, we classified images from
three time steps (1972, 1985, 1992) into six land-cover types: agriculture, urban, bottomland hardwood forest, swamp forest,
freshwater marsh, and open water. Significant changes in land cover occurred within the upper Barataria Basin over the study
period. Urban land increased from 8% to 17% of the total upper basin area, primarily due to conversions from agricultural
land, and to a lesser degree, bottomland forest. Swamp forest increased from 30% to 41%, associated with conversions from
bottomland hardwood forest and freshwater marsh. Overall, bottomland forest decreased 38% and total wetland area increased
21%. Within the upper Barataria, increases in total wetland area may be due to land subsidence. Based on our results, if present
trends in the reduction of bottomland forest land cover were to continue, the upper Barataria Basin may have no bottomland
hardwood forests left by the year 2025, as it is subjected to multiple stressors both in the higher elevations (from urbanization)
and lower elevations (most likely from land subsidence). These results suggest that changes in the upper freshwater portions
of coastal estuaries can be large and quite different from patterns observed in the more saline coastal margins. 相似文献
94.
Management practices that concentrate visitor activities: camping impact management at Isle Royale National Park,USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study assessed campsite conditions and the effectiveness of campsite impact management strategies at Isle Royale National Park, USA. Protocols for assessing indicators of vegetation and soil conditions were developed and applied to 156 campsites and 88 shelters within 36 backcountry campgrounds. The average site was 68 m2 and 83% of sites lost vegetation over areas less than 47 m2. We believe that management actions implemented to spatially concentrate camping activities and reduce camping disturbance have been highly successful. Comparisons of disturbed area/overnight stay among other protected areas reinforces this assertion. These reductions in area of camping disturbance are attributed to a designated site camping policy, limitation on site numbers, construction of sites in sloping terrain, use of facilities, and an ongoing program of campsite maintenance. Such actions are most appropriate in higher use backcountry and wilderness settings. 相似文献
95.
Ziegler CK 《Environmental management》2002,29(3):409-427
The stability of cohesive sediment deposits during a rare storm is a critical component in the evaluation of remedial options
at a contaminated sediment site. Estimating scour depths during a rare storm, and the resulting contaminant concentrations
in the surficial layer of the bed, is necessary for comparing the efficacy of various remedial alternatives. Evaluation of
sediment stability is accomplished using sediment transport analyses that employ quantitative procedures. Qualitative analyses
or conceptual models can be useful for developing and validating quantitative analysis tools; however, qualitative techniques
alone generally are insufficient for conducting defensible remedial alternative evaluations. The level of analysis used for
a specific site depends on data availability, required level of accuracy, and time and budget constraints. A tier 1 analysis
involves the use of approximate equations to produce order-of-magnitude estimates of scour depths during a rare storm. The
second tier of this analysis scheme employs the development and application of a sediment transport model to evaluate bed
stability. State-of-the-science sediment transport models have been effectively used as management tools for evaluating remedial
options at several contaminated sediment sites. It should not be presumed that rare storm events cause catastrophic impacts
at the site under review. Two case studies demonstrate that a rare storm is not necessarily catastrophic; significant increases
in surficial bed concentrations caused by reexposure of elevated concentrations buried at depth in the bed will not necessarily
occur during a rare storm. However, it is important to note that sediment stability is site-specific. 相似文献
96.
Under the United States Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, a class I designation safeguards wilderness areas from the negative
effects of new sources of air pollution. We monitored streamwater chemistry in the class I Lye Brook Wilderness in southwestern
Vermont from May 1994 through August 1995. Stream samples were collected biweekly at nine sampling locations throughout the
wilderness and were analyzed for major cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Eight
of nine sites sampled had mean annual acid neutralizing capacity values below zero. During the study period, decreases in
streamwater acid neutralizing capacity values were caused primarily by SO4
2−. At some sites, however, NO3
− and naturally occurring, weak organic acids were seasonally important. During high discharge, the low pH and high concentrations
of inorganic monomeric Al were at levels that are toxic to acid-sensitive aquatic species. Watershed mass balances were calculated
to determine annual gains or losses for measured ions. These budgets indicate that S inputs and outputs were nearly equal,
there was a net loss of base cations, and a net gain in N. How long these watersheds can continue to assimilate additional
N inputs is unknown. 相似文献
97.
It is common to use the results of various solid-phase and aqueous-fraction toxicity tests as part of the decision-making
process for selecting disposal options for dredged sediments. The mere presence of toxicity, however, does not provide a logical
basis for selecting economical, environmentally protective disposal techniques. To achieve this, it is necessary to be able
to identify specific compounds responsible for sediment toxicity. Toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures, originally
developed for complex effluents, represent a useful approach for identifying acutely toxic compounds in dredged materials.
Herein we present a conceptual overview for TIE use in part of the decision-making framework for selecting dredged material
disposal options; included are discussions concerning appropriate test fractions and species for TIE analyses, and specific
TIE manipulations useful for ascertaining whether toxicity is due to any of a number of common sediment contaminants including
ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, metals, or nonpolar organics. 相似文献
98.
ELLISON BA 《Environmental management》1999,23(4):429-439
/ This paper explores the new politics of western water policy through an examination of the Animas-La Plata water project and implementation of the Endangered Species Act. It is suggested that the focus of western water programming has shifted from the source of distributed funds, the United States Congress, to the agencies originally created to deliver federal benefits because funding for new project construction has not been forthcoming. Under this new system, members of Congress continue to excite their constituents with promises of money for new project starts, while the administrative agencies perform the myriad duties needed to keep these projects alive. The result is that political objectives have replaced operational/management objectives in administrative processes. In this case, the author demonstrates how resource managers in the Bureau of Reclamation manipulated hydrological analysis to control administrative process, why their manipulation was unfair, and perhaps illegal, and why biologists from the US Fish and Wildlife Service accepted the analysis. While ostensibly protecting all interests, the result is that none of the objectives of federal water programming are achieved. KEY WORDS: Environmental management; Administrative politics; Water policy; Endangered Species Act; Animas-La Plata, Bureau of Reclamation 相似文献
99.
100.
/ The last 20 years have seen the successful application of environmental dispute resolution processes, where people voluntarily negotiate toward mutually acceptable solutions, to many environmental disputes. The effects of contextual influences, such as the number of parties and presence of deadlines, on outcomes are known and frequently described. Less well documented and understood are the interaction processes themselves. This paper draws on two case studies to develop a conceptual framework describing these processes. Disputes associated with management planning for the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex in the United States and Fitzgerald River National Park in Australia provided the cases. The conceptual framework derived had eight sequential stages: (1) joint definition of problems, (2) uncertainty about what to do, (3) agreement on group procedures, (4) realization of interdependence, (5) enthusiasm about collective possibilities, (6) commitment to working together, (7) consolidation of the group, and (8) implementation of a resolution. The framework provides new insights for managers of public wildlands, especially the need for varying but ongoing managerial involvement in dispute resolution processes. High levels of involvement and influence are essential at the beginning in problem definition and group procedure design and at the end in implementing resolutions. Conversely, agency members must be willing to exert less influence, while still being involved and committed to collective purposes, during the middle stages. Also apparent from the conceptual framework is the importance of developing shared understandings and of allowing sufficient time for understanding to develop, if successful resolution is to be achieved. KEY WORDS: Environmental dispute resolution; Conceptual framework; Public wildlands; Shared understandings; Australia 相似文献