氢安全研究现状及面临的挑战

氢能具有储运便捷、来源多样、洁净环保等突出优点,许多国家把发展氢能作为重要的能源战略。氢安全是氢能大规模商业化应用的重要保障。在分析国内外氢安全领域近年来最新研究进展的基础上,依次从氢泄漏与扩散、氢燃烧与爆炸、氢与金属材料相容性及氢风险评价等方面,系统总结了国内外氢安全研究面临的挑战,并对我国氢安全的发展提出了建议。     

Research on different venting performance between flat and curved bursting panels

There is a noticeable discrepancy in the ability to control reduced explosion overpressure between flat bursting panels and curved bursting panels with the same static activation overpressure. Flat bursting plates were observed to leak at approximately 80% of the static activation overpressure lower than curved bursting plates. A new experimental technique is proposed in our paper. Three different vent areas of flat and curved bursting panels were tested, there was significant difference in structural stiffness between flat bursting panels and curved bursting panels, which is the reason the discrepancy in the ability to control reduced explosion overpressure. The structural stiffness of the flat bursting panels is poorer than that of the other, and a greater deformation of the flat bursting panels occurs under the same load. The membrane stress caused by the explosion overpressure therefore produces a larger value in the flat bursting panels which causes it to open prematurely. Moreover, the smaller the vent area that is, the more significant discrepancy in controlling the reduced explosion overpressure between both bursting panels is. This experimental and theoretical result in our paper provides some useful experience for the method of explosion venting.     

Investigation of multiple domino scenarios caused by fragments

A model of multiple domino scenarios and the risk of the domino effect, which is a sequential chain escalating from the primary unit to the last unit, is presented in this paper. The trajectories of fragments from all units, the ground distribution of projectiles, and the risk of the sequential chain of the domino effect were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. The results showed that the range affected by the fragments from each tank included the other tanks, meaning that fragments from one tank could hit the other tanks and cause multiple accidents, and that the sequential chain of the domino effect could indeed happen. The distributions of ground impacts showed that tank fragments were projected over long distances, up to 1200 m from the source. The spatial distribution of the kinetic energy at ground impact for tank fragments was also obtained. Moreover, the magnitudes of the probabilities of the primary, secondary, third, and fourth accidents in the domino chain were respectively about 10⁻⁷, 10⁻¹¹, 10⁻¹⁵, and 10⁻¹⁹. These results showed that for neighboring domino effect units in the same accident chain, the risk of the most recent domino effect was 10⁴ times that of the following domino effect.     

药物混粉爆炸事故及防范对策的研究

从近几年制药行业频繁爆炸事故出发,分析制药行业爆炸事故的种类,从粉尘爆炸入手,以某制药企业为研究对象,对其爆炸粉体克拉维酸钾进行了爆炸参数测试,运用20L球形粉尘爆炸测试装置测定其爆炸下限为40g/m3。同时运用差热扫描热分析法对其进行放热反应进行研究,再利用毛细管气相色谱法对该混合物中是否存在可燃气体进行了评定,发现其存在丙酮可燃气体,但含量较低为9.3×10-5。针对上述特点,从技术和管理角度出发,分析应对措施以及常见的问题,设计了混粉机械人机界面,编制了安全检查表,对该类共性问题进行了归纳,以供防范药物混粉事故发生参考。     

受限空间煤尘爆炸毒害气体传播伤害研究

为减少煤矿煤尘爆炸后毒气对人的危害,为煤矿防爆、抑爆和安全评价,以及事故应急救援等提供理论依据,研究了煤尘爆炸后毒气的传播伤害规律。基于质量守恒定律与空气动力学理论,建立煤尘爆炸后风流作用下的毒害气体在受限空间内的数学传播模型,得到巷道内毒气传播的弥散系数,计算出沿爆炸传播方向毒气浓度随距离变化的关系,划分伤害三区并推导出相应的伤害范围计算公式。研究表明:毒气传播的峰值点随风流方向移动,其峰值点浓度逐渐变小。     

易燃液体仓库安全监控系统研究

通过对易燃液体仓库的潜在危险的分析和研究,以及火灾爆炸危险性分析,说明安全监控技术的重要性。在对监测参数进行分析的基础上,给出了对监测易燃液体仓库的安全监控系统和监测点的布置以及采用合适的探测器。     

Liquefaction process for a hydrothermally treated waste mixture containing plastics

Most landfilled plastic waste is a mixture or is in the form of composites with incombustible wastes such as glass, metals, and ceramics. After hydrothermal treatment, including a steam-explosion process, the separation of mixed waste (MW) into organic and inorganic substances becomes easy. However, the effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the subsequent liquefaction of organic substances from MW is not obvious. In this study, the effects on the liquefaction of polystyrene and high-density polyethylene are discussed. Moreover, optimum conditions for the liquefaction of organic substances from hydrothermally treated MW are identified. By means of this hydrothermal pretreatment, including the steam-explosion process, polystyrene and high-density polyethylene can be significantly converted to oil by liquefaction at 300°–400°C. In comparison with liquefaction of hydrothermally pretreated mixed waste (HMW) at 300°–400°C with a batch type reactor, the yield of oil increases significantly on liquefaction using a semi-batch type reactor. It is considered that the radical chain and termination reactions among the radicals from HMW were inhibited in the semi-batch type reactor. On liquefaction of HMW in a semi-batch reactor, the conversion of HMW to oil was enhanced on increasing the liquefaction temperature to 350°C and the holding time to 60 min. Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6     

爆炸空气冲击波在巷道转弯处的传播特性

为了探索爆炸空气冲击波在巷道内的传播规律,进行了数值计算和理论分析,讨论了爆炸冲击波通过45°弯曲巷道后的压力变化过程.研究结果表明: 爆炸空气冲击波通过45°弯曲巷道后的压力分布复杂,空气冲击波逐渐恢复为平面波需经过4倍等效巷道直径的距离传播.在该4倍等效距离内,冲击波反射叠加,在巷道外侧壁面Mach反射点取得超压最大值,恢复平面波以后超压随距离呈单调衰减.     

从一起爆炸事故谈作业安全票证(单)的管理

从一起爆炸事故的原因--没有办理设备检修许可证,分析了使用作业安全票证(单)存在的问题,提出了加强作业安全票证(单)管理措施.     

氯碱企业生产过程中的重大危害分析及对策

分析了氯碱企业生产过程中的重大危害为中毒和火灾爆炸,提出了相应的对策.