电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池组和电池系统性能试验条件和要求

本文是电驱动道路车辆动力锂离子电池的试验和要求标题下的电池组和电池系统性能试验部分。结合国标转化过程和实验室能力验证经历,在能量、容量、功率、内阻、能效和损耗等性能试验方法和要求作了具体的描述和解释。供实验室和相关产品的供需方双参考。     

Microalgae cultured by sewage and organic constituents

The microalgae could be multiplied by supplying only sewage influent or effluent without any additional microalgal stock or nutrient salt. In a semicontinuous culture, the N:P weight ratios consumed were 14:1 and 18:1 for the sewage influent and effluent, respectively. The total cell number and green algae ratio of microalgae cultivated by semicontinuous culture exceeded those of batch culture. No cyanobacterial cells were observed in the semicontinuous culture using the sewage effluent. The organic components in the cultured microalgae using sewage effluent, eluted by n-hexane, were determined. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid exceeded that of saturated fatty acid, which was possibly attributable to the fluidity of the cell membrane. The squalene was also obtained by the culture using sewage alone, free of any external stock or nutrient salt. The higher heating value of the microalgae of semicontinuous culture using the sewage influent was 25 MJ kg⁻¹, corresponding to the heating value of lignite and showing the potential of the sewage culture microalgae as a means of power generation and combustion aid.     

Sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment: a review

Studies of radionuclides in the environment have entered a new era with the renaissance of nuclear energy and associated fuel reprocessing, geological disposal of high-level nuclear wastes, and concerns about national security with respect to nuclear non-proliferation. This work presents an overview on sources of anthropogenic radionuclides in the environment, as well as a brief discussion of salient geochemical behavior of important radionuclides. We first discuss the following major anthropogenic sources and current developments that have lead, or could potentially contribute, to the radionuclide contamination of the environment: (1) nuclear weapons program; (2) nuclear weapons testing; (3) nuclear power plants; (4) uranium mining and milling; (5) commercial fuel reprocessing; (6) geological repository of high-level nuclear wastes that include radionuclides might be released in the future, and (7) nuclear accidents. Then, we briefly summarize the inventory of radionuclides ⁹⁹Tc and ¹²⁹I, as well as geochemical behavior for radionuclides ⁹⁹Tc, ¹²⁹I, and ²³⁷Np, because of their complex geochemical behavior, long half-lives, and presumably high mobility in the environment; biogeochemical cycling and environment risk assessment must take into account speciation of these redox-sensitive radionuclides.     

Simulation Study of a PEM Fuel Cell System with Steam Reforming

Abstract

This article summarizes the results of a study for a 100 kWe DC electrical power PEM fuel cell system. The system consists of a pre-steam reformer, a steam reformer, high and low temperature shift reactors, a preferential oxidation reactor, a PEM fuel cell, a combustor, and an expander. Acceptable net electrical efficiency levels can be achieved via intensive heat integration within the PEM fuel cell system. The calculations take into account the auxiliary equipment such as pumps, com pressors, heaters, coolers, heat exchangers and pipes. The process simulation package “Aspen-HYSYS 3.1’’ has been used. The operation parameters of the reactors have been determined considering all the technical limitations involved. A gasoline type hydrocarbon fuel has been studied as hydrogen rich gas source. Thermal efficiencies have been calculated for all of the major system components for selected operation conditions. The fuel cell stack efficiency has been calculated as a function of cell numbers (500, 750, 1000, and 1250 cells). Efficiencies of all of the major system components along with auxiliary unit efficiencies determine the net electrical efficiency of the PEM fuel cell system. The obtained net electrical efficiency levels are between 34 (500 cells) to 41% (1250 cells).     

Bioremediation of benzene-, MTBE- and ammonia-contaminated groundwater with pilot-scale constructed wetlands

In this pilot-scale constructed wetland (CW) study for treating groundwater contaminated with benzene, MTBE, and ammonia-N, the performance of two types of CWs (a wetland with gravel matrix and a plant root mat) was investigated. Hypothesized stimulative effects of filter material additives (charcoal, iron(III)) on pollutant removal were also tested. Increased contaminant loss was found during summer; the best treatment performance was achieved by the plant root mat. Concentration decrease in the planted gravel filter/plant root mat, respectively, amounted to 81/99% for benzene, 17/82% for MTBE, and 54/41% for ammonia-N at calculated inflow loads of 525/603 mg/m²/d, 97/112 mg/m²/d, and 1167/1342 mg/m²/d for benzene, MTBE, and ammonia-N. Filter additives did not improve contaminant depletion, although sorption processes were observed and elevated iron(II) formation indicated iron reduction. Bacterial and stable isotope analysis provided evidence for microbial benzene degradation in the CW, emphasizing the promising potential of this treatment technique.     

硫酸铅在柠檬酸钠-乙酸体系中的浸出转化

硫酸铅可以在柠檬酸钠-乙酸体系中脱硫转化生成柠檬酸铅.考察了柠檬酸钠投加量、反应时间、固液比以及反应温度对PbSO4浸出转化的影响.实验结果表明,PbSO4的转化率随着柠檬酸钠投加量和反应时间的增加而增大,固液比和反应温度对浸出过程影响不大.溶液中溶解的铅含量随着柠檬酸钠投加量的增大而增大,其他条件对其影响不明显.最佳浸出工艺条件是:柠檬酸钠与PbSO4的物质的量之比为2:1,固液比为1/5～ 1/3,反应温度为25℃,反应时间为2h,此时PbSO4的转化率可达到99％左右,溶液中的铅含量为总铅的3.8％左右.PbSO4浸出得到[Pb3(C6H5O7)2]·3H2O,它在350℃左右可完全分解,得到PbO/Pb粉末.     

硫酸铅在柠檬酸钠-酸体系中的浸出转化

硫酸铅可以在柠檬酸钠-乙酸体系中脱硫转化生成柠檬酸铅。考察了柠檬酸钠投加量、反应时间、固液比以及反应温度对PbSO4浸出转化的影响。实验结果表明，PbSO4的转化率随着柠檬酸钠投加量和反应时间的增加而增大，固液比和反应温度对浸出过程影响不大。溶液中溶解的铅含量随着柠檬酸钠投加量的增大而增大，其他条件对其影响不明显。最佳浸出工艺条件是：柠檬酸钠与PbSO。的物质的量之比为2：1，固液比为1／5～1／3，反应温度为25℃，反应时间为2h，此时PbSO4的转化率可达到99％左右，溶液中的铅含量为总铅的3．8％左右。PbSO4浸出得到[Pb，（C。H，O，），]·3H2O，它在350℃左右可完全分解，得到PbO／Pb粉末。     

Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Plastic Oil Produced from Waste Polyethylene and Its Blends with Diesel Fuel

The overall objective of this study was to explore the utility of waste plastics as a potential source of diesel fuel. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the use of various blends of plastic oil produced from waste polyethylene (WPE) with diesel fuel (D). WPE was degraded thermally and catalytically using sodium aluminum silicate as a catalyst. The oil collected at optimum conditions (414°C–480°C range and 1 h reaction time) was fractionated at different temperatures and fuel properties of the fractions were measured. Plastic oil was blended with diesel fuel at the volumetric ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 100%. Fuel properties of blends are found comparable with those of diesel fuel within the EN 590 Diesel Fuel standard and they can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engines without any modification. Engine performance and exhaust emission studies of 5% WPE-D (WPE5) blend were performed. Experimental results showed that carbon monoxide (CO) emission is decreased by 20.63%, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission is increased by 3.34%, and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) emission is increased by 9.17% with WPE-D (WPE5) blend compared to diesel fuel.     

Reuse of nickel recovered from spent Ni–Cd batteries for the preparation of C/Ni and C/Ni/Pd layered electrodes for energy sources

Nickel recovered in the recycling process of Ni–Cd batteries was used as a main component of bath for electrodeposition of nickel onto carbon fabric in order to obtain C/Ni composite. A part of the obtained composite was additionally coated with a thin layer of palladium (C/Ni/Pd composite). All the materials were investigated to assess the possibility of their use in the processes of electrochemical storage (sorption/desorption) of hydrogen and electrochemical oxidation of methanol. The obtained results showed the composites to be active electrode materials in these processes. The electrodes exhibited high activity and cyclability, especially in the process of methanol oxidation due to electrocatalytic activity of both nickel deposited onto carbon fabric and the outer layer of porous palladium coating nickel substrate.     

废旧电池的管理及处置研究

世界电池产量的一半来自中国内地,中国的电池消费能力居世界首位,废旧电池的随意丢弃和处置方式不当都会造成环境污染.中国的回收现状亟待改善,寻找安全科学的处理方法,使电池循环利用,有害物质无害化,并产生经济效益.调研了国内外废旧电池管理及处置现状,对处理废旧电池的成本、经济效益、环境效益、社会效益进行了阐述,总结了国内外废旧电池处理处置的法律法规现状,针对中国废旧电池处理过程中存在的问题提出相关建议,为对废旧电池的科学管理提供决策支持.