中国机动车污染物排放因子及其修正方法研究

中国机动车污染物排放已成为影响空气质量的重要源。机动车污染的研究中,排放因子的确定是关键。根据机动车使用状况,车用燃料硫含量和行驶状况,运用MOBILE6．2的方法和原理确定了中国各类型机动车HC、CO、NOx的综合排放因子。小型汽油客车国0阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为34．29g／km、3．45g／km和0．856g／km;国Ⅰ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为2．80g／km、0．25g/km和0．40g／km;国Ⅱ阶段CO、HC、NOx的综合排放因子分别为1．39g／km、0．16g／km和0．09g／km。     

环境应力筛选中的温度循环加速因子模型分析

为了进一步理清环境应力筛选（Ess）中温循加速因子的特性及使用条件,分别从筛选度（ss）和阿伦尼斯（Arrhenius）模型2个不同的角度对现有的2种温度循环加速因子模型进行了分析。通过对2种模型的对比以及模型与实际情况间差距的分析,明确了它们的使用范围及使用中的注意事项,指出了这2种加速模型存在的缺陷及其发展趋势。     

LCA法在韩国环境标志产品评价中的应用研究

中国在大力发展和推广环境标志产品的同时,对环境标志产品的系统评价工作却显得薄弱,仍主要停留在能源消耗、污染物排放、废弃回收等单一因素或简单组合方式,缺乏客观性、全面性。因此借鉴国外有关先进经验,尽快建立系统的环境标志产品评价体系是很有必要的。韩国环境标志产品LCA评价的最大优点是将复杂、专业的数据转变为易于国民理解的简单形式,而有利于环境标志产品的宣传与发展。文章以LCA法在评价韩国环境标志产品中的应用为实例,系统说明其评价过程,并探讨其优势和不足,为中国相关工作的开展提供可借鉴的经验。     

埋地聚乙烯燃气管道基于失效模式的全面检验关键技术及工程应用

PE管道固有较高的性价比,广泛应用在能源、燃气等工程中,但因其焊接接头质量难以检测、位置探查难度大,使PE管道的安全状况难以控制,导致泄漏等事故。基于PE管材的失效模式,参照钢质管道的检验经验,中国特种设备检测研究院研究确定了PE管道基于失效模式的全面检验关键技术,并围绕关键技术开展了多项研究,取得了一系列科研成果,如：PE管焊接质量超声相控阵动态聚焦和B扫查成像检测、探地雷达、泄漏在线检测、老化及安全评价、风险评估方法等。这些系列成果,在新疆、青海、内蒙古、宁夏等城市PE燃气管网中得到了有效应用,检验出多项安全隐患,为城市燃气的安全提供了保障,为今后全面开展PE管线检验,提供了成功经验。     

精炼铜行业的生命周期节能减排目标评价

按照生命周期评价方法,建立了精炼铜的生命周期模型,采用生命周期节能减排评价指标(ECER),对比评价了原生铜和再生铜生产的生命周期节能减排效果,计算了改变再生铜市场份额所能带来的节能减排削减幅度,并与精炼铜行业实现节能减排政策目标所需的综合削减幅度进行了对比.结果表明,再生铜比原生铜的ECER指标小62.5％,因此废铜的再生循环明显有利于节能减排政策目标的实现.但是,当再生铜市场份额由2010年的38.5％提升至《有色金属“十二五”发展规划》中要求的40％时,其综合削减幅度仅为13％,远未达到铜冶炼行业的目标综合削减幅度27.8％.因此,精炼铜行业不仅需要更大幅度地提高铜再生比例,同时还需要采用更多清洁技术和改进措施.本文方法可用于计算各种行业的节能减排目标综合削减幅度,从而帮助判断各种改进方案和措施是否足以达到节能减排宏观政策目标的要求.     

不同生物量苦草在生命周期的不同阶段对水体水质的影响

在玻璃温室大棚内,模拟太湖的水、土、植物情况,研究了不同生物量苦草在1年内生命周期中不同阶段对水体水质的影响.研究结果表明,不同生物量的苦草在对水体水质的影响有较大的差异,此差异受苦草生长状况的影响显著.通过单因素方差分析得出从整个生命周期看,苦草生物量为992.00g时,对水体pH值影响最大,不利于苦草吸收NH4+-N和ρ(TOC)的降低;为496.00g时,水体ρ(DO)的周年平均值处于较高水平,约8.65mg/L;为228.00g时,有利于ρ(TP)的降低,不利于其吸收NO3--N和ρ(TN)的降低.其中,生长期,苦草对水体营养盐的去除率随生物量的增加不断增大,当生物量达到2380.00g时,去除率放缓;衰亡期,苦草生物量为168.00g时,水体TN去除率取得极大值,为784.00g时,水体TP去除率取得极小值.最终确定214.00g的苦草残余生物量为最佳滞留量,此时苦草密度为118.00g/m2.     

Analysis of blood chemistry and flow cytometry of gonadal cell cycle during reproductive cycle of Anabas testudineus

The population of climbing perch, Anabas testudineus, an important food fish in India, is presently under threat and has been declared endangered. A narrow range of environmental conditions for successful reproduction of the species was previously ascertained in breeding experiments. In this study, the role of physiological parameters including plasma glucose, total protein, cholesterol, and glycogen content in liver and ovary were determined with respect to the reproductive cycling stages. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle of ovary and testis in relation to reproductive cycle was also analyzed. In both the sexes, plasma glucose and plasma protein changed significantly during breeding cycle. Plasma cholesterol levels were reduced markedly during spawning. Liver and ovarian glycogen levels showed significant variation during reproductive cycling. Flow cytometric study revealed that the hypoploid and synthesis phase were altered significantly with breeding cycle in ovarian and testicular cells. Data indicate that the biochemical parameters indicative of the fish reproduction capacity are influenced by environmental conditions. Thus, climatic changes may therefore potentially induce biochemical alterations that may exert detrimental effects on fish reproduction and subsequent population decline.     

Alteration of photosystem II activity by atrazine on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii synchronized and asynchronized cell cycle cultures

Inhibition of photosystem II (PSII) activity by atrazine was investigated in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during different states of the cell cycle. The algal cultures were maintained under continuous light or under light/dark cycle (16/8?h) to obtain homogenized cell cycle distribution. The cycle state of algal population was determined by the DNA content using flow cytometry and defined as newly divided cells before the initiation of DNA replication (G₀/G₁) and cells at the end of the replication cycle with fully duplicated DNA content (G₂/M). Under different synchronized states of the cell population, the photosynthetic activity was investigated after treatment at 10, 100, and 1000?µmol?L^?1 atrazine exposed for 24?h by using fluorescence parameters related to PSII activity measured with a plant efficiency analyzer and pulse-amplitude modulated methods. In this study, we found that the atrazine effect was different depending on cell cycle phases and the period of illumination. Algal cells under light–dark cycle showed inhibition of the PSII electron transport leading to an increase of heat energy dissipation by the PSII reaction center. Algal cells grown under continuous light was shown to be more resistant to atrazine than the cells grown under light–dark cycle.     

基于生命周期评价的产品水足迹计算方法及案例分析

科学评价人类活动对水资源的影响是实现水资源可持续利用的前提。对比目前广泛应用的以虚拟水理论为基础的水足迹计算方法,详细介绍了基于生命周期评价(LCA)的产品水足迹计算方法,并以我国小麦生产为例进行实证研究。与虚拟水方法相比,LCA方法评价结果体现了水资源利用的环境影响,便于不同产品、不同生产阶段以及不同产地产品间水足迹的比较。实例研究表明:我国黄河、海河流域小麦水足迹平均为1 262 L H₂Oe·kg^-1,而长江流域仅为31 L H₂Oe·kg^-1;小麦生产对我国极度缺水的北方造成的压力远高于水资源较为丰富的南方地区。LCA方法能科学评价农产品生产对水资源的影响,为我国保障粮食安全和水资源可持续利用提供科学依据。     

Clustering economic sectors in China on a life cycle basis to achieve environmental sustainability

To improve material efficiency, industrial structure optimization becomes a focal point in Chinese industrial and environmental policies. It is crucial to cluster economic sectors and determine their priority for industrial and environmental policy implementation. Integrating a set of criteria, a hybrid input-output model and the hierarchical cluster analysis, this study clusters China’s economic sectors and determines their priority on a life cycle basis. China’s economic sectors are clustered into three clusters. Industrial structure changes (industrial policy) should encourage the development of sectors in cluster 1 and limit the development of sectors in cluster 2. Technology development and materials recycling (two environmental policies) should mainly focus on sectors in clusters 1 and 2. Future industrial policies in China should limit the development of two sectors named Manufacture of metal products and Extraction of petroleum and natural gas. Instead of limiting some industries by command-and-control, the best policy option is to remedy environmental standards and law enforcement. Enterprises belonging to the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of direct production impacts should be concerned to achieve enterprise sustainability. To achieve sustainable production chains, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of accumulative production impacts should be concerned. For sustainable consumption, the identified key sectors from the viewpoint of consumption impacts should be concerned to transform consumption styles. Most of environmental pressure can be alleviated not only by technical improvements and material recycling, but also by the development of economic sectors in cluster 1.