基于NUTSP的湖南省国土空间标准地域单元划分研究

标准地域单元划分是国土空间规划关于国土空间综合分区进行空间评价的基础。为了给国土空间规划编制提供更好的单元服务,在借鉴欧盟NUTS划分思路的基础上,提出了建立符合中国国情的省级国土空间规划基本评价单元模式——国土空间标准地域划分(NUTSP)理念,构建了标准地域单元划分的原则、依据和技术路线,并结合湖南省对省级尺度国土空间标准地域划分的具体实施途径进行了探讨。研究结果表明,根据NUTSP划分原则与方法,结合湖南省域内不同地域的地形地貌特征、资源禀赋差异、社会经济发展基础等因素,并与综合自然地理区划相衔接,对全省现有122个县级行政区划单元进行适当合并与拆分,重新划定135个国土空间标准地域单元,能从最大限度上满足未来全省国土空间规划对空间同质性与异质性的表达需求,对未来建立统一的空间规划体系和探索"多规合一"工作具有重要意义。     

基于能值生态足迹改进模型的湖南省生态赤字研究

为更好地了解湖南省当前的生态环境状况和可持续发展能力,在应用能值分析和本地生态足迹对传统生态足迹模型进行改进的基础上,以湖南省2000—2013年统计数据为依据,计算出湖南省2000—2013年的人均能值生态足迹、人均能值生态承载力以及人均生态赤字情况。计算和分析结果表明:1湖南省存在生态赤字,社会经济发展对自然资源和环境的压力逐年增大。2湖南省自然生态系统压力的增大绝大部分是由于耕地供给不足和能源消耗过大造成的。作为一个农业大省,湖南省对农业资源的需求量很大。能源问题和农业发展问题是湖南省可持续发展需要解决的首要问题。3湖南省生态承载力和人均生态承载力在一定范围内呈波动变化的状态,总体呈下降趋势,生态足迹和人均生态足迹在不断增加,呈明显上升趋势,说明该省的发展处于相对不可持续状态。其中耕地和化石能源地的足迹和人均足迹最大,其次是建筑用地,牧草地和水域、林地对湖南省人均生态足迹的影响程度很小。42000—2013年,湖南省万元GDP生态足迹呈现逐年显著下降的趋势,这表明研究时段内,湖南省的资源和能源的利用效率有了明显提升,湖南省因为经济发展而造成的生态代价在显著减小。针对湖南省的发展现状,提出以下政策建议:控制耕地面积和化石能源用地的需求量,提高土地利用的均衡性,增加对其他地类的利用以提高生物生态足迹的多样性。巩固和深化湖南省实施绿色发展的成果,努力提升生态系统的自我恢复能力,减缓生态足迹增速,增加生态容量。正确引导湖南省的人口流动,严格控制人口增长。提倡并鼓励绿色消费。     

Atmospheric mercury concentrations and speciation measured from 2004 to 2007 in Reno, Nevada, USA

Atmospheric elemental, reactive and particulate mercury (Hg) concentrations were measured north of downtown Reno, Nevada, USA from November 2004 to November 2007. Three-year mean and median concentrations for gaseous elemental Hg (Hg⁰) were 1.6 and 1.5 ng m⁻³ (respectively), similar to global mean Hg⁰ concentrations. The three-year mean reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) concentration (26 pg m⁻³) was higher than values reported for rural sites across the western United States. Well defined seasonal and daily patterns in Hg⁰ and RGM concentrations were observed, with the highest Hg⁰ concentrations measured in winter and early morning, and RGM concentrations being greatest in the summer and mid-afternoon. Elevated Hg⁰ concentrations in winter were associated with periods of cold, stagnant air; while a regularly observed early morning increase in concentration was due to local source and surface emissions. The observed afternoon increase and high summer values of RGM can be explained by in situ oxidation of gaseous Hg⁰ or mixing of RGM derived from the free troposphere to the surface. Because both of these processes are correlated with the same environmental conditions it is difficult to assess their overall contribution to the observed trends.     

南岳自然保护区藤本植物多样性

为了弄清南岳自然保护区内藤本植物资源现状,对该区内藤本植物进行了多样性调查研究。结果表明：野生藤本植物共计59科129属282种（含变种）,其中蕨类植物有3科5属6种,双子叶植物有50科112属250种,单子叶植物有6科12属26种,裸子植物缺乏。该区地理成分复杂多样,科级地理成分有8个分布型,属级地理成分有12个分布型,种级地理成分有11个分布型,均以热带成分为主,温带成分占有较大比例,说明该区热带成分向温带渗透和过度的性质。藤本植物的生活型,以木质藤本占优势,为6064%,草质藤本占39.36%,一年生藤本占1441%。藤本植物的攀援类型分为4型9亚型,以缠绕类为主,占37〖JP2〗94%;其次为吸固类,占2305%,又可分为不定根类、吸盘类和寄生类3亚型;卷曲类占2093%,又可分为须卷类、柄卷类和枝卷类3亚型;刺蔓类最少占1809%,又可分为枝蔓类和钩刺类2亚型。该区藤本植物资源丰富,在垂直绿化与经济开发上具有十分广阔的前景     

湖南省境内长江中上游防护林体系建设第一期工程的进展

长江中上游防护林建设第一期工程1990年在湖南省境内启动实施以来,先后在全省33个县(市、区)开展了工作,共完成投资22 284.8万元,重点造林工程项目主要采取人工植苗造林、低效林改造、封山育林和幼林抚育等 4种方式,在整个长江防护林建设工程过程中始终坚持良种壮苗技术的推广和造林树种选择及其造林技术的研究。长江防护林建设重点工程占43.84%,一般营造林占56.16%;该建设工程获得的生态效益总计达到51 980.87万元,直接经济效益共计706 283.63万元,为社会提供了43.6万个劳动力一年就业岗位,文末还指出了该建设工程中存在的5个方面问题及3项对策。     

湖南省特有植物的分布

湖南省特有植物共计235种(含种下等级;下同),归110属52科,其中蕨类植物25种,裸子植物3种,被子植物207种(双子叶植物和单子叶植物各计125和82种),主要集中于Theaceae,Rosaceae,Dryopteridaceae,Urticaceae,Ericacaeae,Gesneriaceaea,Labiatae(=Lamiaceae)和Gramineae(=Poaceae)等8科,共计155种,占全省总特有种数的65.96%.湖南特有植物所归的属的分布区类型以北温带,热带亚洲,泛热带及中国特有成分为主,分别占总数的20.00%,19.09%,13.64%和13.64%.从水平分布上看,湖南省特有植物主要分布于西北部,计77种,占全省总特有种数的32 17%;其次是西南部与南部,各有51和50种,分别占全省总特有种数的21.70%和21.28%,从垂直分布上看,它们主要分布于中山地带(海拔800-1 600m),计108种,占全省总特有种数的45.80%;其次是低山地带(海拔300-800m),计84种,占全省总特有种数的35.88%。     

试析1920年湖南瘟疫

1920年湖南省省多事之年,兵灾、水灾、疫灾同时并发,有如雪上加霜,本文从是年湖南瘟疫产生的原因、特点、后果及防治各方面进行初步探讨,认为天灾与人祸互为因果,不革新政治、发展生产和科技是无法战胜瘟疫的。     

Distribution and abundance of western gray whales off northeastern Sakhalin Island, Russia, 2001’003

In 2001–2003, >60,000 km of aerial surveys and 7,700 km of vessel surveys were conducted during June to November when critically endangered Korean–Okhotsk or western gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) were present off the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. Results of surveys in all years indicated gray whales occurred in predominantly two areas, (1) adjacent to Piltun Bay, and (2) offshore from Chayvo Bay, hereafter referred to as the Piltun and offshore feeding areas. In the Piltun feeding area, the majority of whales were observed in waters shallower than 20 m and were distributed from several hundred meters to ∼ 5 km from the shoreline. In the offshore feeding area during all years, the distribution of gray whales extended from southwest to northeast in waters 30–65 m in depth. During all years, the distribution and abundance of whales changed in both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas, and both north–south and inshore–offshore movements were documented within and between feeding seasons. The discovery of a significant number of whales feeding in the offshore area each year was a substantial finding of this study and raises questions regarding western gray whale abundance and population levels, feeding behavior and ecology, and individual site-fidelity. Fluctuations in the number of whales observed within the Piltun and offshore feeding areas and few sightings outside of these two areas indicate that gray whales move between the Piltun and offshore feeding areas during their summer–fall feeding season. Seasonal shifts in the distribution and abundance of gray whales between and within both the Piltun and offshore feeding areas are thought, in part, to be a response to seasonal changes in the distribution and abundance of prey. However, the mechanism driving the movements of whales along the northeast coast of Sakhalin Island is likely very complex and influenced by a multitude of factors. *Deceased     

Abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of western gray whales in relation to a 3-D seismic survey, Northeast Sakhalin Island, Russia

A geophysical seismic survey was conducted in the summer of 2001 off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia. The area of seismic exploration was immediately adjacent to the Piltun feeding grounds of the endangered western gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). This study investigates relative abundance, behavior, and movement patterns of gray whales in relation to occurrence and proximity to the seismic survey by employing scan sampling, focal follow, and theodolite tracking methodologies. These data were analyzed in relation to temporal, environmental, and seismic related variables to evaluate potential disturbance reactions of gray whales to the seismic survey. The relative numbers of whales and pods recorded from five shore-based stations were not significantly different during periods when seismic surveys were occurring compared to periods when no seismic surveys were occurring and to the post-seismic period. Univariate analyses indicated no significant statistical correlation between seismic survey variables and any of the eleven movement and behavior variables. Multiple regression analyses indicated that, after accounting for temporal and environmental variables, 6 of 11 movement and behavior variables (linearity, acceleration, mean direction, blows per surfacing, and surface-dive blow rate) were not significantly associated with seismic survey variables, and 5 of 11 variables (leg speed, reorientation rate, distance-from-shore, blow interval, and dive time) were significantly associated with seismic survey variables. In summary, after accounting for environmental variables, no correlation was found between seismic survey variables and the linearity of whale movements, changes in whale swimming speed between theodolite fixes, mean direction of whale movement, mean number of whale exhalations per minute at the surface, mean time at the surface, and mean number of exhalations per minute during a whales surface-to-dive cycle. In contrast, at higher received sound energy exposure levels, whales traveled faster, changed directions of movement less, were recorded further from shore, and stayed under water longer between respirations.     

中国西部地区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度的时空特征

在2005~2018年中国西部地区水-能源-粮食系统综合发展评价的基础上,运用耦合协调度模型和地理加权回归模型对水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度的时空特征及其影响因素进行实证研究.结果表明:(1)中国西部水-能源-粮食系统及其各子系统的综合发展指数总体呈波动上升趋势,其中,水资源和能源子系统在2011年后长期滞后于粮食子系统,成为西部地区水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调发展的短板.(2)2005~2018年,中国西部水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调度从勉强耦合协调进入初级耦合协调阶段,且耦合协调度呈现“南高北低”的时空特征.(3)居民消费水平和人口规模对甘肃、内蒙古等西北地区的系统耦合协调度具有正向影响,对重庆、云南等西南地区具有负向影响,影响程度在地理空间上均呈现出“北正南负”的空间特征;地方财政环保投入的影响程度从北到南逐渐增大,广西、贵州、四川、陕西的系统耦合协调度受该因素的影响最大;R&D投入强度对系统耦合协调的推动作用相对较小,影响程度呈现“北高南低”的空间特征.基于上述分析结果,提出了多资源系统联合发展视角下的区域资源管理方式,减少对有限资源间的依赖性,改善人口规模及环保科技投入等因素,构建具有西部区域特色、体现资源优势、富有竞争力的水-能源-粮食系统耦合协调发展策略.