皖东地区大型真菌资源及其开发利用

为了合理开发皖东地区的大型真菌资源，对皖东地区大型真菌资源种类进行了调查统计分析。结果表明，该区有大型真菌4纲8目23科47属101种。分析了其资源价值，提出了相应的开发策略。     

吴淞工业区大气降尘变化规律及趋势

吴淞工业区是重工业聚集区,烟(粉)尘的排放量非常大,造成该地区空气污染严重.为了解降尘的污染特征、变化规律及趋势,以近10 a监测数据为依据,运用方差分析等数理统计方法对工业区降尘量进行分析,检验不同季节降尘的差异并简要分析原因,使用秩相关系数法对其进行趋势分析.结果表明,工业区降尘量较混合区与清洁区明显不同; 工业区与混合区的降尘受本地源的影响较大,4季的降尘量没有明显差异,相反清洁区的4季降尘呈显著差异.10 a来工业区及其周边地区的降尘量下降了56%,说明环境综合整治取得了显著效果,使区域环境空气质量得到改善.     

浅议经济开发区环境风险评价

从经济开发区与建设项目环境风险的区别入手，分析了开发区环境风险评价的特点，并对开发区环境风险评价的内容及方法进行了阐述。通过实例分析，提出了适合于开发区环境风险评价的内容与模式，并提出在开发区环境风险评价方法上需要进一步丰富和发展的内容。     

Rethinking receiver operating characteristic analysis applications in ecological niche modeling

The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) has become a dominant tool in evaluating the accuracy of models predicting distributions of species. ROC has the advantage of being threshold-independent, and as such does not require decisions regarding thresholds of what constitutes a prediction of presence versus a prediction of absence. However, we show that, comparing two ROCs, using the AUC systematically undervalues models that do not provide predictions across the entire spectrum of proportional areas in the study area. Current ROC approaches in ecological niche modeling applications are also inappropriate because the two error components are weighted equally. We recommend a modification of ROC that remedies these problems, using partial-area ROC approaches to provide a firmer foundation for evaluation of predictions from ecological niche models. A worked example demonstrates that models that are evaluated favorably by traditional ROC AUCs are not necessarily the best when niche modeling considerations are incorporated into the design of the test.     

Evaluating Local Benefits from Conservation in Nepal’s Annapurna Conservation Area

Protected areas are integral to the global effort to conserve biodiversity, and, over the past two decades, protected area managers have begun to recognize that conservation objectives are next to impossible to achieve without considering the needs and concerns of local communities. Incentive-based programs (IBPs) have become a favored approach to protected area management, geared at fostering local stewardship by delivering benefits tied to conservation to local people. Effective IBPs require benefits to accrue to and be recognized by those experiencing the greatest consequences as a result of the protected area, and those likely to continue extractive activities if their livelihood needs are compromised. This research examines dispersal of IBP benefits, as perceived by local residents in Nepal's Annapurna Conservation Area. Results reported here are based on questionnaire interviews with 188 households conducted between September and December 2004. Results indicate that local residents primarily identify benefits from social development activities, provisions for resource extraction, and economic opportunities. Overall, benefits have been dispersed equally to households in villages on and off the main tourist route, and regardless of a household's participation in tourism. However, benefits are not effectively targeted to poorer residents, those highly dependent on natural resources, and those experiencing the most crop damage and livestock loss from protected wildlife. This article provides several suggestions for improving the delivery of conservation incentives.     

Soil contamination of heavy metals in the Katedan Industrial Development Area, Hyderabad, India

Studies on quantitative soil contamination due to heavy metals were carried out in Katedan Industrial Development Area (KIDA), south of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India under the Indo-Norwegian Institutional Cooperation Programme. The study area falls under a semi-arid type of climate and consists of granites and pegmatite of igneous origin belonging to the Archaean age. There are about 300 industries dealing with dyeing, edible oil production, battery manufacturing, metal plating, chemicals, etc. Most of the industries discharge their untreated effluents either on open land or into ditches. Solid waste from industries is randomly dumped along roads and open grounds. Soil samples were collected throughout the industrial area and from downstream residential areas and were analysed by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer for fourteen trace metals and ten major oxides. The analytical data shows very high concentrations of lead, chromium, nickel, zinc, arsenic and cadmium through out the industrial area. The random dumping of hazardous waste in the industrial area could be the main cause of the soil contamination spreading by rainwater and wind. In the residential areas the local dumping is expected to be the main source as it is difficult to foresee that rain and wind can transport the contaminants from the industrial area. If emission to air by the smokestacks is significant, this may contribute to considerable spreading of contaminants like As, Cd and Pb throughout the area. A comparison of the results with the Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (SQGL) show that most of the industrial area is heavily contaminated by As, Pb and Zn and local areas by Cr, Cu and Ni. The residential area is also contaminated by As and some small areas by Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn. The Cd contamination is detected over large area but it is not exceeding the SQGL value. Natural background values of As and Cr exceed the SQGL values and contribute significantly to the contamination in the residential area. However, the availability is considerably less than anthropogenic contaminants and must therefore be assessed differently. The pre- and post-monsoon sampling over two hydrological cycles in 2002 and 2003 indicate that the As, Cd and Pb contaminants are more mobile and may expect to reach the groundwater. The other contaminants seem to be much more stable. The contamination is especially serious in the industrial area as it is housing a large permanent residing population. The study not only aims at determining the natural background levels of trace elements as a guide for future pollution monitoring but also focuses on the pollution vulnerability of the watershed. A plan of action for remediation is recommended.     

青藏高原生态屏障区近十年生态环境变化及生态保护对策研究

从生态保护与管理的角度出发,综合分析了青藏高原生态屏障区近十年生态系统结构、服务功能、生态胁迫等生态环境变化特征,并提出生态保护对策与建议。结果表明,2000年－2010年屏障区生态系统结构稳定,其中城镇和湿地面积增加明显;生态系统服务功能整体上升,其中屏障区北部区域改善明显;生态胁迫以人口、GDP、载畜量等人类胁迫为主,自然胁迫整体较低;未来应继续加强基本草原保护,实施生态修复工程,不断提高屏障区的重要生态功能。     

三峡库区汛期极端降水非均匀性特征

利用极端降水量集中度和集中期讨论三峡库区汛期极端降水量的非均匀性分布特征。结果表明: 三峡库区极端降水量空间分布表现为西南部和东北部地区相对较少，中部、东南部相对较多。库区汛期极端降水集中度和集中期的空间差异不大，集中程度总体较差，东北部和西部地区极端降水相对集中，中部相对分散。库区极端降水主要集中在6月底和7月上中旬，东北部和西部偏西地区集中期相对较晚，中部地区集中期相对较早。库区汛期极端降水量的分配状况与同期极端降水量存在较好的关系，即极端降水量越少，则极端降水量越集中、集中期越早；反之极端降水量越多，则极端降水量越分散、集中期越晚，尤其是在库区东北部地区最为显著。三峡库区蓄水后极端降水集中程度在空间上一致性较好，表现为蓄水后更为分散；极端降水量和集中期则在空间上差异显著，大致表现为蓄水后东北部极端降水增加并延迟；西南部极端降水减少并提前     

三峡工程建设前后库区城镇发展与环境变化

利用卫星遥感监测，分析三峡工程建设前后库区城镇发展类型、时空过程，揭示库区城镇变化的驱动力，探索了城镇扩展与人口城镇化关系，研究城镇环境变化特征。三峡库区城镇规模发展不均衡，库尾城市规模庞大，库中、东部区县级城市规模较小，而乡镇的比例占城镇面积24%；在过去15 a中，建城区规模扩大172%，高于全国省会城市发展水平72%；三峡库区城镇规模扩大的同时，东西城镇规模差距逐步缩小，三峡工程建设起着重要的推动作用；城镇发展以侵占了优质耕地资源为代价，耕地占城镇变化83%；城镇用地变化与人口城市化发展不平衡，城镇空间发展快于人口城镇化过程，城镇对农村人口的吸引力不及全国省会城市平均水平，在2007年城市化率低于全国水平13%，差距进一步扩大；城市空间结构发展模式受地形和土地资源的限制，城市分维数和坡度分别增加12%和104°，城市向潜山区扩展或搬迁的同时，城市空间的完整性下降     

北京山区主体功能区协调发展的区域背景分析

主体功能区划主要在于解决区域问题，用科学发展观协调区域发展。本文从区域发展的整体性出发，用空间发展的相互作用理论分析了北京山区各主体功能区协调发展的区域背景。