介质筛护岸的水质净化功能与机理

以桂林桃花江介质筛护岸工程为依托,对介质筛护岸的水质净化功能进行了试验研究.结果表明,介质筛护岸两侧水位波动促进了生物地球化学反应的发生.介质筛护岸对COD、NH 4-N和TN的平均去除率分别为76.5%、95%和81%.介质层内的COD浓度逐层降低,在距离岸边2.5 m左右的沸石强化层中,其浓度接近5 mg·L-1;在介质筛的第5、6层内NH 4-N的浓度基本稳定在0.3 mg·L-1.沸石层对NH 4-N吸附的有效厚度为10 cm,能够满足水质净化的目的.     

Socioeconomic potential of carbon sequestration through agroforestry in the West African Sahel

The recognition of agroforestry as a greenhouse-gas mitigation strategy under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) offers an opportunity to agroforestry practitioners to benefit from the global Carbon (C) credit market. Our knowledge on this important topic from the semiarid regions such as the West African Sahel (WAS) is, however, very limited. In order to fill this gap, this study was undertaken in the Ségou region of Mali (annual temperature, 29°C; annual rainfall, 300–700 mm in 60 to 90 days), focusing on two improved agroforestry systems (live fence and fodder bank) along with traditional parkland agroforestry systems of the region. A cost–benefit analysis was conducted to assess the economic profitability and risks associated with the systems considering them as 25-year projects and their potential for participation in C credit market. The traditional systems had high C stock in their biomass and soil, but little potential for sequestering additional C; on the other hand, the improved systems had low C stock, but high sequestration potential. For the standard size live fence (291 m) and fodder bank (0.25 ha) projects, the estimated net present values (NPV) were $ 96.0 and $158.8 without C credit sale, and $109.9 and $179.3 with C sale, respectively. From the C sale perspective, live fence seemed less risky and more profitable than fodder bank. Carbon credit sale is likely to contribute to economic development of the subsistence farmers in the WAS.

Intelligent power supply management of an autonomous hybrid energy generator

ABSTRACT

This work deals with the optimization of an hybrid energy system used to supply an isolated site. The proposed system combines a wind turbine, a photovoltaic panel, a diesel generator and a battery bank to electrify atypical home. An energy cost-effectiveness approach is adopted in accordance with meteorological data, time profile of energy consumption, and the cost of different alternative systems. A variety of performances is obtained through simulations within the Homer Pro environment. The selection of an optimal combination is based on the maximum integration of renewable energy in the suggested system with a minimum of gas emission. According to the obtained results, the overall cost of the selected installation is about 72,900 €, with 0.415€ the unit cost of a kWh electric energy provided with a contribution of renewable energy of around 86%. Simulations show a technical and financial benefits of the different configurations obtained to supply the target site. To control the proposed hybrid energy system, a supervision algorithm is developed and implemented on TMS320F28027 DSP platform. The proposed energy system aims to take advantages of renewable energy sources and shift to conventional sources only when necessary in order to ensure source autonomy and service continuity.     

Distribution characteristics of dinoflagellate cysts in the Yantian Port,Shenzhen, China北大核心CSCD

An annual quarterly survey of six stations in Yantian Port, Shenzhen, China was conducted from January 2020 to October 2020 to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the surface sediment of Yantian Port. In total, 36 species representing five groups and two uncertain taxa were identified. The dominant species were Scrippsiella trochoidea, Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinium catenatum, Cochlodinium spp., and Lingulodinium polyedrum. The seasonal difference was not obvious in terms of temporal distribution. The number of species ranged from 32 to 36, and the abundance varied from 297 to 996 cysts/g. The annual average values of the diversity index, richness index, and evenness index were 3.65, 1.55, and 0.93, respectively. The annual number and abundance of heterotrophic species were higher than those of autotrophic species. The number and abundance of species at stations near the dock zone were lower than those near the adjacent area. Notably, six toxic dinoflagellate cysts were found in the surface sediment of Yantian Port, indicating a potential outbreak risk for their vegetative cells in the local coastal area. This study provides a picture of the “Seed Bank” of dinoflagellates near Yantian Port, Shenzhen, and provides a reference value for predicting the occurrence of algal blooms. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

塔里木河流域综合治理的生态效应

结合塔里木河下游输水和中游段输水堤防建设工程,在下游、中游分别设置了9个和3个地下水位和地下水化学特征监测断面,并在中游的3个断面和下游的6个典型断面进行了植物样方调查,以分析综合治理工程的实施对地下水和植被的影响.结果表明,在生态输水影响下,塔里木河下游断流河道两岸地下水位抬升显著,植被的盖度有明显增加,胡杨的当年生枝叶都表现出积极变化;塔里木河中游地区在建有输水堤防又有生态闸的断面地下水位、水质以及植被综合优势比均明显好于无生态闸断面.     

Trends in biodiversity and habitat quantification tools used for market-based conservation in the United States

Market-based conservation mechanisms are designed to facilitate the mitigation of harm to and conservation of habitats and biodiversity. Their potential is partly hindered, however, by the quantification tools used to assess habitat quality and functionality. Of specific concern are the lack of transparency and standardization in tool development and gaps in tool availability. To address these issues, we collected information via internet and literature searchers and through conversations with tool developers and users on tools used in U.S. conservation mechanisms, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES) and ecolabel programs, conservation banking, and habitat exchanges. We summarized information about tools and explored trends among and within mechanisms based on criteria detailing geographic, ecological, and technical features of tools. We identified 69 tools that assessed at least 34 species and 39 habitat types. Where tools reported pricing, 98% were freely available. More tools were applied to states along the U.S. West Coast than elsewhere, and the level of tool transferability varied markedly among mechanisms. Tools most often incorporated conditions at numerous spatial scales, frequently addressed multiple risks to site viability, and required 1–83 data inputs. Most tools required a moderate or greater level of user skill. Average tool-complexity estimates were similar among all mechanisms except PES programs. Our results illustrate the diversity among tools in their ecological features, data needs, and geographic application, supporting concerns about a lack of standardization. However, consistency among tools in user skill requirements, incorporation of multiple spatial scales, and complexity highlight important commonalities that could serve as a starting point for establishing more standardized tool development and feature-incorporation processes. Greater standardization in tool design may expand market participation and facilitate a needed assessment of the effectiveness of market-based conservation.     

基于生态元核算的长江流域横向生态补偿机制及实施方案研究

长江流域生态保护目前主要采取由中央政府主导的环境规制和专项整治模式，资金主要来源于财政转移支付。这些措施见效快、力度强，但监管成本高昂，激励机制不足，并且有可能扩大不同主体功能区之间的收入差距。现有的少数横向生态补偿协议存在适用范围有限、补偿依据单一以及微观主体难以参与等问题。本文试图构建适用于更大空间尺度且涵盖多种生态服务的综合横向生态补偿模式，以建立各地区公平分担保护成本的长效机制。首先，利用生态元的核算方法构建长江流域各类生态资源的本底数据库，测算各省（区、市）生态元总量和单位面积生态元的变化情况。其次，从概念、参与主体、补偿模式和实施效果等方面探讨了创建流域生态元缓解银行的构思及其实施机制。本文认为，流域生态无缓解银行方案有助于构建适用于长江流域的市场化生态补偿机制。     

Spatiotemporal population structure of the bank vole in a gradient of technogenic environmental pollution

Between 1998 and 2005, specific features of spatiotemporal distribution of small mammals in transformed habitats were studied using the example of the bank vole living in a gradient of chemical environmental pollution (the Middle Urals). Technogenic degradation of spruce-fir forests proved to entail significant changes in the spatial structure and abundance of vole populations. Differences in colonization of disturbed and intact territories by bank voles at different stages of population dynamics were revealed.     

红壤丘陵区不同森林恢复类型土壤种子库特征研究

研究采用野外取样和室内萌发相结合的方法对湖南红壤丘陵区4种森林恢复类型下土壤种子库进行了比较研究。主要结论为:①草本植物是4种森林类型土壤种子库物种组成和个体数量的主要组成部分,其比例分别达61.9％-86.67％和49.82％-87.27％。4种植被类型种子库密度大小为:杉木林>湿地松林>油茶林>天然次生林;②天然次生林的灌木和乔木植物种子种类与数量多于人工林;③湿地松人工林和杉木人工林的人工抚育导致部分种子埋藏在土壤较深层,土壤8-20cm中种子数分别占种子库的33.09％和26.64％;④对于土壤种子库的物种多样性,天然次生林显著大于人工林,干扰少的油茶林大于干扰较多的湿地松林和杉木林,天然次生林最有利于该区域植物物种多样性的维持与保护;⑤不同森林恢复类型下种子库中种子来源不一致,湿地松林和杉木林土壤种子库中的物种与地表植物物种较一致,共有物种比例达69.2％和43.8％,而油茶林和天然次生林种子库中的物种与地上植被的种类组成差异较大,共有物种比例仅为26.7％和33.3％。研究结果表明,从物种丰富度与群落结构复杂性来看,我国南方红壤丘陵区森林恢复类型以自然恢复最优。对人工林的抚育方式,该区域采用的“全抚”将增加种子库的损失,不利于植被的恢复。     

网上银行的发展与创新

传统银行一般是单方面开发业务品种,向客户推销产品和服务,客户只能在规定的业务范围内选择自己需要的银行服务,而因特网向银行服务提供了交互式的沟通渠道.网络银行的出现,使传统银行经受了一场技术革命,传统银行业务将受到挑战,网络银行具有灵活强大的业务创新能力,不仅可延伸改造传统的业务,而且会不断设计业务新品种,创新业务方式,满足客户多样化的需求.