微生物对土壤与沉积物吸附多环芳烃的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌为接种微生物,研究微生物对沉积物和湿地土壤吸附多环芳烃（PAHs）菲、苯并［a］芘过程的影响.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌对菲与苯并［a］芘都可进行吸附或生物降解,48h液相PAHs浓度达到平衡时,微生物对菲消除了98％,对苯并［a］芘消除85％;接种的样品48h吸附等温线均呈线形,能较好地符合线性方程;在接种微生物情况下,沉积物与土壤对菲和苯并［a］芘吸附特征均发生较大变化,对菲的吸附量增大约35倍,而对苯并［a］芘的吸附量却降低了2/3左右;未接种微生物的土壤和沉积物对菲解吸率为20％,接种的样品组为2.9％,而对苯并［a］芘的解吸结果与菲相反,未接种的对照组为4％,接种的样品组为13％.微生物在土壤与沉积物吸附PAHs的过程中起主导作用.     

超滤处理洗涤污水循环利用的中试研究

采用不同材质国产超滤膜聚丙烯（PP）、聚丙烯腈（PAN）和聚砜（PS）,进行了洗涤污水处理循环利用的现场中试研究.结合超滤工艺出水水质和膜污染分析,3种膜材质中PAN膜较优,有效去除了水中浊度、悬浮物、油脂等污染物,一定程度保留了游离阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）,长期循环洗涤对衣物的白度无不良影响.根据相关性分析,超滤出水较高COD值很大程度上是由水中LAS引起的.超滤膜对细菌、大肠菌群的去除率较低,出水通过紫外消毒,当紫外线密度≥3?750 J/m²时,微生物水平能够达到国家饮用水水质标准.根据不同水力反冲洗条件下膜渗透通量和净产水量比较,PAN膜最佳水力反冲洗条件为0.5 h反冲洗2 min.长期运行时超滤膜化学清洗方法采用碱洗法方便有效.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.     

北京餐饮源排放细粒子理化特征及其对有机颗粒物的贡献

调研了北京餐饮业发展现状,通过在线监测、采样分析等手段研究北京4家不同烹调方式的餐馆所排放颗粒物的质量浓度、粒径分布、形貌特征、化学组分,并初步估算餐饮源排放细粒子对北京细粒子中颗粒有机物的贡献.结果表明,餐馆的原料、烹饪过程、油烟去除装置以及客流量都会影响餐馆所排放颗粒物的物理、化学性质.样本餐馆营业期间排放颗粒物PM_{2 .5}质量浓度是当日环境大气PM_{2 .5}质量浓度的8～35倍,PM_{1 .0}在PM_{2 .5}的质量浓度中约占50%～85%.餐饮源排放颗粒物多以固态和液态颗粒物形貌存在,化学组分质量百分数由多到少依次是有机物、无机离子和元素碳,分别占到PM_{2 .5}质量浓度的70%左右、5%～11%和小于2%.初步估计结果表明,北京餐饮源排放细粒子对有机颗粒物的贡献和交通源的排放相当,成为北京细粒子有机颗粒物的主要来源之一.认识餐饮源排放颗粒物的理化性质,可以为改善北京空气质量和保证居民身体健康提供数据支持.     

丙酸的加入对厌氧-低氧同时生物除磷脱氮系统的影响

2个实验室规模的序批式反应器（SBRs）在厌氧-低氧（0.15～0.45 mg·L^-1）条件下运行,以比较丙酸的加入对同时生物除磷脱氮系统的影响.结果表明,无论是丙酸与乙酸的混合酸（碳摩尔比为1.5/1）作为碳源（SBR1）,还是乙酸作为单独碳源（SBR2）,系统都发生同步硝化反硝化和磷的去除（SNDPR）,并且氨氮被全部氧化,系统中没有亚硝酸盐的大量累积.与SBR2相比,SBR1中厌氧阶段磷释放量少,聚羟基戊酸（PHV）合成量高,好氧末磷剩余量少,硝态氮累积少,因此SBR1中总氮和总磷的去除率（分别为68%和95%）比SBR2（分别为51%和92%）高,加入丙酸有助于SNDPR系统保持较好的除磷、脱氮效果.     

颗粒污泥SBR处理生活污水同步除磷脱氮的研究

采用厌氧-好氧的SBR运行方式,以人工配水培养的好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,处理碳、氮、SS浓度均较高的生活污水,研究了系统中颗粒污泥的稳定性及其去除有机物和同步除磷脱氮的效果.经过1个月的驯化培养,颗粒污泥即可呈现出良好的污染物去除性能并趋于稳定,反应器中颗粒污泥含量始终占污泥总量的68%以上.颗粒污泥系统污泥浓度为5 000～6000mg/L,SVI值为20～35 mL/g.经过3个月的运行后,反应器中颗粒污泥由原来以粒径0.6～0.9 mm的中等大小颗粒占主体变为粒径＞1.25 mm的大颗粒占主体.稳定运行阶段颗粒污泥系统对COD、TOC、磷酸盐、氨氮、总氮和SS的平均去除率分别为83.04%、70.41%、94.30%、86.51%、41.82%和85.89%.对反应器运行过程中典型周期的分析,反映出颗粒污泥良好的同步除磷脱氮效果.     

味精废水处理工艺改造工程

双城市某味精厂因企业扩大生产和原味精废水处理工艺设计存在问题,致使出水未能达标。在对其原有废水处理工艺进行一系列改造后,调试运行2个月,期间系统运行稳定可靠。废水中的CODCr、TN、TOC、NH4+-N去除率分别达到99.5%、98.8%、99.9%、99%以上,处理后出水优于国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

沸石强化生化装置脱氮功能的效果及机理初探

针对石化工业废水开展沸石强化脱氮处理试验研究,通过比较沸石浓度25mg/L与空白,以及沸石浓度25 mg/L与50mg/L两阶段脱氮效果,探讨沸石促进脱氮功能的机理,结果表明,曝气池中投加沸石可明显提高氨氮和总氮的去除率,硝化细菌总数和硝化功能也得到增强。与空白对照组相比, 沸石浓度25mg/L的试验组运行稳定后,氨氮去除率提高约10%~13%,总氮去除率约提高13%,出水中NO3--N含量约提高100%,氨氮与总氮之比下降6%,内源硝化耗氧呼吸速率可提高138%,硝化细菌总数是空白对照组2.2folds。沸石浓度提高到50mg/L后,试验组的脱氮效果略有增加,但效果不明显。通过对试验结果的关联分析,认为沸石提高系统脱氮能力的原因一方面是因为沸石对NH4+及硝态氮的交换吸附,另一方面NH4+离子富集于沸石表面及内部、沸石颗粒独特的好氧-缺氧微环境,以及沸石离解出CO32- 或HCO3-增加碱度等条件,促进了硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的生长,从而提高了系统脱氮能力。     

Aerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a Proteobacteria strain in a closed culture system

The contamination of methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE） in underground waters has become a widely concerned problem all over the world. In this study, a novel dosed culture system with oxygen supplied by H2O2 was introduced for MTBE aerobic biodegradation. After 7 d, almost all MTBE was degraded by a pure culture, a member of β-Proteobacteria named as PMI, in a closed system with oxygen supply, while only 40% MTBE was degraded in one without oxygen supply. Dissolved oxygen （DO） levels of the broth in closed systems respectively with and without H2O2 were about 5-6 and 4 mg/L. Higher DO may improve the activity of monooxygemase, which is the key enzyme of metabolic pathway from MTBE to tert-butyl alcohol and finally to CO2, and may result in the increase of the degrading activity of PM1 cell. The purge and trap GC-MS result of the broth in closed systems showed that tea-butyl alcohol, isopronol and acetone were the main intermediate products.     

Characterizing ionic species in PM2:5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities, South China

PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)samples were collected at four major cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD),South China,during winter and summer in 2002.Six water-soluble ions,Na~ ,NH_4~ ,K~ ,Cl~-,NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-)were measured using ion chromatography.On average,ionic species accounted for 53.3% and 40.5% for PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),respectively in winter and 39.4% and 35.2%,respectively in summer. Secondary ions such as sulfate,nitrate and ammonium accounted for the major part of the total ionic species.Sulfate was the most abundant species followed by nitrate.Overall,a regional pollution tendency was shown that there were higher concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium in Guangzhou City than those in the other PRD cities.Significant seasonal variations were also observed with higher levels of species in winter but lower in summer.The Asian monsoon system was favorable for removal and diffusion of air pollutants in PRD in summer while highly loading of local industrial emissions tended to deteriorate the air quality as well.NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-) ratio indicated that mobile sources have considerably contribution to the urban aerosol,and stationary sources should not be neglected. Besides the primary emissions,complex atmospheric reactions under favorable weather conditions should be paid more attention for the control of primary emission in the PRD region.