计划烧除攀枝花苏铁林区地面覆盖物对苏铁生长和土壤理化性质的影响

选择攀枝花苏铁林下计划烧除试验后苏铁及其根系周围土壤(0~15 cm)为对象,研究火烧对攀枝花苏铁植株生长、叶片生理和苏铁根系周围土壤理化性质的影响,以期为区域攀枝花苏铁种群恢复和生态环境保护提供理论依据.结果表明:计划烧除区域苏铁成年树的株数及株高没有显著变化,新生叶片数目和幼苗株数相对未烧除区域显著增加,增幅分别达201.66%和317.7%;烧除区域苏铁植株新生叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b,可溶性糖、蛋白质含量,硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性,叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量,C/N、N/P比与对照区域新生叶片相比无显著性差异,只有类胡萝卜素含量显著降低.计划烧除改变了苏铁根围土壤(0~15 cm)的理化性质,表现在烧除后的土壤含水量、pH值及总N、P、K含量显著降低;但是,火烧显著提高了土壤有机碳(TOC)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量,微生物量C、N含量也略有升高;这说明火烧有利于增加苏铁林下土壤养分(N)的有效性,为烧除后苏铁快速恢复生长提供有利条件.     

β-甘露聚糖酶基因在枯草芽孢杆菌中的克隆及表达

从Bacillus subtilis JNA 3-10中克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因成熟肽链编码序列manA1和含信号肽的β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA2,在B.subtilis 168中克隆表达,分别筛选获得高效分泌表达β-甘露聚糖酶的重组菌株BPM1001(pMA5-manA1/B.subtilis 168)和BPM1002(pMA5-manA2/B.subtilis 168),结果表明菌株BPM1002总酶活力是菌株BPM1001的9.65倍,是原始菌株的13.1倍.在基因manA2下游引入His序列克隆出β-甘露聚糖酶基因manA3,获得枯草芽孢杆菌168重组菌株BPM1003.采用Ni-NTA柱纯化重组菌株BPM1003分泌表达的β-甘露聚糖酶,并研究其酶学性质,该酶促反应的最适pH为6.5,最适温度为65℃,在37℃条件下保存一个月酶活力依然保留有77.8%.5 L发酵罐放大实验结果表明魔芋粉对于产β-甘露聚糖酶具有明显的诱导作用,酶活力最高可达2 748.82 U/mL.图9表3参19     

几种金属氧化物催化臭氧氧化降解p-CBA

选择Al₂O₃,TiO₂,MnO₂,Fe₃O₄ 4种金属氧化物对溶液中的对氯苯甲酸（p-CBA）进行催化臭氧氧化降解。催化剂的表征结果显示：TiO₂具有最大的比表面积,为93.84 m²/g,Al₂O₃的比表面积最低,仅为10.28 m²/g;MnO₂和Fe₃O₄表面含有大量强酸性位,故其等电点较低,分别为1.45和1.82。4种催化剂对p-CBA的吸附能力与其比表面积相关,而催化臭氧氧化活性高低却与其等电点的高低顺序一致。Al₂O₃具有最高的等电点（6.92）,也表现出相对较强的催化臭氧氧化活性。在臭氧通量6 mg/min、p-CBA初始质量浓度40 mg/L、Al₂O₃投加量0.5 g/L、反应时间40 min的条件下,p-CBA去除率达到58.6%,远高于单独臭氧化和吸附过程的去除率。     

一种嗜热细菌来源角质酶的分离纯化及酶学性质

通过跟踪发酵液中pNPB水解酶活性,对角质诱导的Thermobifida fusca 口发酵液进行分离纯化.采用活性炭脱色、硫铵沉淀、Phenyl HP疏水色谱、DEAE sephamse阴离子交换色谱等方法,分离纯化得到电泳纯PNPB水解酶.该酶水解角质可得到角质单体,是一种角质酶.SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示,角质酶表观分子量约为29×10~3.该酶的最适温度为60℃.在40℃和60℃下均具有良好的热稳定性.最适pH为8.0,pH稳定范围为6.0～9.0.该角质酶的生化性质适合在纺织工业中应用.图8表2参17     

九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区原始林与次生林土壤物理性质比较

森林土壤的结构和贮水保水能力是决定土壤水分及其时空分布的关键,九寨沟和黄龙自然保护区均是以水为灵魂,其水量的多少及时空分布格局对景区景点的视觉观赏效果具有十分重要的作用.通过对几寨沟和黄龙核心景区原始林与次生林土壤容重、持水性能和孔隙度等指标的监测,探讨了不同植被类型下土壤结构及持水能力状况.结果表明:(1)由于较早地得到保护,九寨沟景区原始林、桦槭次生林土壤物理性质均优于四川西部其它同类犁植被,与此相反,人工云杉纯林土壤物理性质明显劣于其它植被类型,可能主要与云杉平根系统对土壤膨胀挤压和单优势乔木群落所形成的不利微气候影响有机物分解归还土壤有关;(2)在黄龙核心景区的原始云、冷杉林,发育于坡积母质的土壤物理性质明显优于发育于钙华母质卜的土壤物理性质.图3表1参31     

Groundwater depletion in India: Social losses from costly well deepening

We develop a dynamic groundwater model that incorporates both groundwater pumping and investment in deeper wells and apply the model to the arid, alluvial aquifer region of Northern India that is experiencing rapid depletion. We compute the potential benefits of regulating groundwater use by comparing the net benefits of groundwater under optimal management to the net benefits under a common pool regime with two different cost structures: one with flat electricity tariffs, which are widespread in India, and a second with full marginal cost electricity pricing. Using numerical simulation, we find that the opportunity to invest in deeper wells significantly exacerbates the common pool problem and suggests the potential for large benefits (66% of common pool benefits) from optimally managing groundwater use or new drilling. Flat tariffs exacerbate the problem, but large gains (almost 23%) remain even if farms are charged the full marginal cost of electricity.     

固体废物属性鉴别有关问题的思考

固体废物属性鉴别在进口废物管理方面具有重要作用,是口岸加强进口废物监管的重要技术支持依据。在进口物品固体废物属性鉴别中,各鉴别机构可能会遇到很多难以把握的问题。对固体废物属性鉴别关键问题进行思考,包括首要解决的问题、标准或规范的使用、鉴别的三个“键节点;过程产物的判断、特性分析、二次再生资源加工产物的判断等6个方面。     

Microorganisms and physico-chemical properties of soils with different slope-protecting vegetation in Daguang Highway北大核心CSCD

In order to investigate the effect of different slope-protecting vegetation on soil restoration in the highways, we collected soils at depths of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm from areas planted with Amorpha fruticosa, Periploca sepium, and Paederia scandens for 6-7 years in the Daming road section of the Daguang Highway, in October 2016. The physico-chemical properties and microbial community of the soils were then analyzed. The soil microbial community was analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The correlation between the microbial community and the physico-chemical properties of the soils was determined by redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that (1) the physico-chemical properties were the best for soils with Paederia scandens; the nutrient content, water holding capacity, and porosity of the soils with the three types of slope-protecting vegetation were better in the 0-10 cm layer than in the other layers; (2) the contents of soil aggregates (diameter > 5 mm) were the highest in the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm layers for the soil with Paederia scandens; (3) the dominant bacteria in the 0-10 cm layer and dominant fungi in the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm layers were higher in the soils with Pe. sepium and Pa. scandens than in the soil with A. fruticosa; and (4) results of RDA showed that the physical properties of the soils were the main factors that influenced the soil microbial community. The physical properties of the soils were sensitive to the change of soil quality. Soil quality can be improved by appropriate management measures, such as burying litter, which can subsequently improve the ecological environment of soils in sloping regions. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

硫酸铵细粒子对苯二次有机气溶胶光学特性的影响

苯系物光氧化产生的二次有机气溶胶（SOA）能够散射、吸收大气辐射,扰动区域气候变化.硫酸铵（（NH₄）₂SO₄）是大气中常见的无机细粒子,其大的比表面积可作为半挥发性化合物凝结和反应中心,进而影响SOA的化学组分和光学特性.本文采用烟雾箱研究（NH₄）₂SO₄细粒子对苯SOA在200~600 nm范围内的平均质量吸收系数（mass absorption coefficient,MAC）的影响情况.实验结果表明,低浓度（小于100 μg·m^-3）（NH₄）₂SO₄细粒子仅作为凝结核心,不会影响苯SOA的光学性质.高浓度（大于100 μg·m^-3）（NH₄）₂SO₄细粒子对咪唑类吸光产物的形成有促进作用.苯SOA的MAC值随着（NH₄）₂SO₄细粒子浓度的增加而逐渐增大,却随着细粒子酸度的增大而逐渐减小.水分子的增加会产生更多的NH₄⁺,从而有利于咪唑类化合物的产生,苯SOA的MAC值则随着相对湿度的增加而逐渐增大.而当相对湿度高于70%时,乙二醛水合反应增强,四醇产物脱水、聚合形成的高分子量产物增多,从而导致MAC值减小.这为研究高浓度（NH₄）₂SO₄细粒子背景下,人为源SOA的光学特性提供了实验依据.     

黄土坡耕地退耕还林后土壤性质变化研究

退耕还林是治理黄土高原水土流失的根本措施。论文以退耕历史较长的黄土丘陵沟壑区安塞县为例,选取不同类型植被恢复和不同恢复年限的退耕样区,探讨了退耕还林还草对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,坡耕地退耕后,遭侵蚀破坏的土体构型渐趋恢复,土壤容重、pH值减小,毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量等增大;土壤有机质增加了2.75倍,碳增加了27.29%,氮增加了46.79%;而且,土壤速效养分增加的速度大于土壤全量元素增加的速度。土壤质量恢复效益最大的是刺槐林地,其次是柠条灌木地,最小的是撂荒地。混交林土壤全氮含量最高,柠条最利于铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的积累。不同类型植被,土壤速效养分的差异比土壤全量元素间的差异明显。随恢复时间的增加,土壤结构不断得到改善,土壤有机质、全碳、全氮以及主要离子含量呈明显增加趋势,土壤速效养分增加更明显。土壤有机质在植被恢复5年以上开始明显增加,土壤碳、氮和速效养分则在10年以后增加明显。