Effects of overlying water aeration on phosphorus fractions and alkaline phosphatase activity in surface sediment

Microbial activity may influence phosphorus (P) deposit and release at the water sediment interface. The properties of DO (dissolved oxygen), pH, P fractions (TP, Ca-P, Fe-P, OP, IP), and APA (alkaline phosphatase activity) at the water sediment interface were measured to investigate microbial activity variations in surface sediment under conditions of two-month intermittent aeration in overlying water. Results showed that DO and TP of overlying water increased rapidly in the first week and then decreased gradually after 15 day of intermittent aeration. Microorganism metabolism in surface sediment increased pH and decreased DO and TP in the overlying water. After two-month intermittent aeration, APA and OP from surface sediment (0–2 cm) were both significantly higher than those from bottom sediment (6–8 cm) (p < 0.05), and surface sediment Fe-P was transferred to OP during the course of microorganism reproduction on the surface sediment. These results suggest that microbial activity and microorganism biomass from the surface sediment were higher than those from bottom sediment after two-month intermittent aeration in the overlying water.     

紫花含笑适宜生境的保护空缺与人类干扰分析

以紫花含笑地理分布点数据为基础,结合地形和气候数据,使用最大熵（MaxEnt）模型,对紫花含笑的生境适宜度进行了评估,并基于阈值法,将紫花含笑生境分为适宜区和最适宜区,分析了紫花含笑生境适宜区和最适宜区在我国的地理分布、保护现状以及人类干扰状况,结果表明：年均降雨量对紫花含笑的分布影响最为重要,地形因子和温度因子对紫花含笑的分布影响相对较小;紫花含笑的生境最适宜区面积为13.7万km²,适宜区为27.0万km²,分布在22°~30°N,107°~120°E之间.广东、福建、广西、江西和湖南等5个省是紫花含笑生境最适宜分布区面积最广的地区;位于国家级自然保护区内的生境最适宜区和适宜区面积约占总面积的1.9%,大部分适宜生境未得到有效保护;紫花含笑生境适宜区和最适宜区内,林地是最大的土地利用类型,但是各项人类活动也占有相当大的比例.     

不同外电压下自养型生物阴极还原硫酸盐的性能及生物膜群落响应

微生物电解系统(microbial electrolysis system,MES)生物阴极还原去除环境污染物的过程中,外加电压的大小可显著影响其性能,阴极生物膜作为去除污染物的关键因子,其对外电压改变的响应尚属未知.本研究构建了双室MES,比较外电压为0.4、0.5、0.6、0.7和0.8 V情形下自养型生物阴极的硫酸盐还原特性及生物膜胞外聚合物和群落结构特征.结果表明,MES的输出电流、周期电荷量、COD去除量与外加电压(0.4~0.8 V)呈正相关关系;外加电压为0.4~0.8 V时,硫酸盐还原量随着电压的升高先升高后降低,在0.7 V时获得最大硫酸盐还原速率[78.9 g·(m3·d)-1]和最高S2-出水浓度(31.9 mg·L~(-1)±2.2 mg·L~(-1));MES的电子回收率最高值为41.8%,推测产氢可能是电子损失的一个途径.阴极生物膜的聚多糖和蛋白量随外电压的升高而增加,0.8 V电压下的生物量比0.4 V提高了70%.阴极生物膜群落结构分析发现,Proteobacteria在门水平分布中占主导,Desulfovibrio在属水平分布中占主导,Desulfovibrio的相对丰度并未随着外加电压的升高发生明显的波动,表明Desulfovibrio在利用阴极呼吸代谢方面具有独特的优势.种水平分析发现,Desulfovibrio magneticus RS-1和s_unclassified_g_Desulfovibrio随着外电压的改变呈现相反的变化趋势.     

Characterizing Geomorphic Change from Anthropogenic Disturbances to Inform Restoration in the Upper Cache River,Illinois

Over the past century, channelization, agricultural tiling, and land use changes have resulted in significant stream channel degradation of the Cache River in southern Illinois. With the increasing interest in restoration of the watershed's bottomland forests and swamps, we sought to characterize geomorphic change over the past 110 years to inform restoration and management. A previously surveyed stretch of river was resurveyed in the fall of 2011, following a record flood in the spring of that year. Results suggest that the slope of the channel in this section of the river has increased 345% between 1903 and 1972 (p < 0.01), but has not changed significantly since (p = 0.12). Within that same time period, bank heights increased between 1 and 7 m and bed elevation decreased between 1 and 5 m. Changes in resurveyed cross sections appear to be primarily due to recent flood scour. It appears as though early 20th Century stream channel modifications had immediate effects on the geomorphology of the channel; however, channel geometry is now at or near equilibrium. This case study of the Cache River watershed demonstrates how and why successful restoration will require integration of geomorphic processes of the system.     

Using interview surveys and multispecies occupancy models to inform vertebrate conservation

Species distribution data are an essential biodiversity variable requiring robust monitoring to inform wildlife conservation. Yet, such data remain inherently sparse because of the logistical challenges of monitoring biodiversity across broad geographic extents. Surveys of people knowledgeable about the occurrence of wildlife provide an opportunity to evaluate species distributions and the ecology of wildlife communities across large spatial scales. We analyzed detection histories of 30 vertebrate species across the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot in India, obtained from a large-scale interview survey of 2318 people who live and work in the forests of this region. We developed a multispecies occupancy model that simultaneously corrected for false-negative (non-detection) and false-positive (misidentification) errors that interview surveys can be prone to. Using this model, we integrated data across species in composite analyses of the responses of functional species groups (based on disturbance tolerance, diet, and body mass traits) to spatial variation in environmental variables, protection, and anthropogenic pressures. We observed a positive association between forest cover and the occurrence of species with low tolerance of human disturbance. Protected areas were associated with higher occurrence for species across different functional groups compared with unprotected lands. We also observed the occurrence of species with low disturbance tolerance, herbivores, and large-bodied species was negatively associated with developmental pressures, such as human settlements, energy production and mining, and demographic pressures, such as biological resource extraction. For the conservation of threatened vertebrates, our work underscores the importance of maintaining forest cover and reducing deforestation within and outside protected areas, respectively. In addition, mitigating a suite of pervasive human pressures is also crucial for wildlife conservation in one of the world's most densely populated biodiversity hotspots.     

基于安全结构理论的系统外部扰动演化规律研究*

为解决目前安全结构理论体系中缺少对系统外部扰动演化规律研究的问题,基于工程学外部扰动理论与安全结构理论,研究系统外部扰动对安全事件发生、发展及演化的作用规律。给出活动环境系统与外部因素的定义,参考星形拓扑网络建立外部因素拓扑结构;通过分析外部因素状态随时间的演化形式,阐明活动因素状态受外部扰动的响应机制,揭示系统外部扰动对安全事件演化的影响及作用规律。研究结果表明:外部扰动导致系统内活动因素状态的动态响应是安全事件形态演变的内在动力,外部因素状态随时间变化呈3类波动形式,活动因素状态的扰动响应变化规律受外部因素临界状态、极限斜率等特殊阈值的限制。通过控制活动环境系统外部因素的状态维持在阈值范围内来实现调控目的,可避免外部扰动对活动环境系统安全产生影响。     

静电旋风除尘技术的现场试验

对静电旋风除尘技术的机理进行了探讨,现场试验表明,此技术用于电厂旋风水膜除尘器的改造,可将平均除尘效率由９２．５５％到９８．４％,且对不同浓度的烟尘除尘效率比较稳定,在处理烟气量为１０６００Ｎｍ＾３／ｈ时,阻力为８００－９２０Ｐａ,高压电源的单位能耗为０．２Ｗ·ｈ／（ｍ＾３·ｈ）。     

扰动状态下pH值对内源磷生物有效性的影响

为了阐明底泥扰动状态下pH值对内源磷生物有效性的影响机制,以富营养化河流的底泥和上覆水为材料,通过实验室试验模拟了不同初始pH值条件下,底泥扰动对上覆水中溶解性磷酸盐(SRP)和底泥中生物有效磷(BAP)含量的影响。结果表明,底泥扰动显著降低了上覆水中SRP含量,其去除率随着初始pH值升高而降低。去除率从大到小依次排序为,pH5>pH7>pH9.5.SRP的去除与较低初始pH值条件下生成的非晶型铁氧化物有关。基于不同形态磷的迁移活性,采用NH4Cl-P+%BD-P(非闭蓄态Fe-P)+NaOH-nrP估算BAP是合理的.由此计算可知,BAP占总磷(Tot-P)的百分比随着初始pH值升高而降低。不同初始pH值条件下,BAP占Tot-P的百分比为33.36%(3种初始pH值条件下的平均值),该值远小于通过传统方法计算的BAP含量占Tot-P的百分比(平均为85.04%)。但由于2种方法中计算的BAP占Tot-P的百分比的变化趋势恰好相反,其与藻类可利用磷的变化密切相关。     

脉冲放电等离子体治理炼油厂恶臭气体研究

应用脉冲放电等离子体技术,在线板式反应器内对炼油厂恶臭气体中代表性污染物———硫化氢、乙硫醇的去除进行了试验,试验规模4～16m3·h-1 采用闸流管开关脉冲电源,其最大输出功率1kW,最大脉冲电压峰值100kV.试验考察了峰值电压、重复频率、进口浓度、处理气量、背景气体各单因素对去除率的影响.结果表明:硫化氢几乎完全去除,乙硫醇最大去除率为84%;在有正己烷背景气体存在时,乙硫醇的去除可不受低浓度背景气体影响;在高浓背景气体情况下,乙硫醇的去除率有所降低,硫化氢也有类似规律;硫化氢和乙硫醇中硫元素主要转化为二氧化硫.结合恶臭气体去除率与能量密度、进口浓度的关系,建立反应器动力学模型,获得硫化氢和乙硫醇的氧化速率常数分别为0 042和0 034L·J-1,为进一步反应器优化、放大设计及与电源匹配提供了基础数据.     

高速公路机电系统过电压保护与防雷接地设计

高速公路机电系统的特点是既有强电设备,又有大量的监控、通讯、收费等弱电设备,这些都是容易受到雷击或雷电感应的薄弱点.通过理论分析并结合工程实际,给出了高速公路机电系统过电压保护和防雷接地的体系和实现,分析了雷电对机电系统的危害途径,提出了雷电的接闪分流接地、等电位屏蔽布线以及过电压保护等设计内容,阐述了应从各个方面完善...