长三角一体化高质量发展：内涵、现状及对策

推动长三角一体化发展是着眼于实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标谋划部署的重大国家战略。本文首先解析了长三角一体化发展的新态势,提出了长三角一体化高质量发展的“四更”内涵,即更高战略定位的一体化、更高效率和水平的一体化、更加协调的一体化与更优空间形态的一体化。重点回顾总结了长三角一体化发展上升为国家战略三年多以来开展的主要行动和工作成效,按照高质量发展就是贯彻新发展理念的基本逻辑,构建了体现创新、协调、绿色、开放和共享五大理念的长三角一体化高质量发展评价指标体系,评估了2018—2020年长三角一体化高质量发展状态。对照一体化高质量发展新要求,针对目前存在问题,从空间部署和重点领域等方面提出相关路径建议,以期为推动长三角一体化更高质量发展提供决策参考。     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part II—Practical examples

ABSTRACT

The effects of the spread of residue concentrations in the samples derived from the selected supervised trials and the number of trials were studied on the magnitude and uncertainty of the short-term dietary intakes calculated with the proposed new procedure (IESTI_p) and that one used currently by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization) Joint meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) (IESTI_c). The residue data of 10 pesticides were obtained from supervised trials conducted on apples and pears. The methods described in Part I were used for the calculations of the uncertainty. The results indicate that the ratio of IESTI_P to IESTI_c (φ_IESTI) is directly proportional to the ratio of the estimated maximum residue level (MRL), recommended by the JMPR; to the highest residue (HR) observed in supervised trials, and it may have a wide range depending on the particular conditions. The φ_IESTI becomes greater with the increase of the difference between the mrl or maximum residue limit (MRL, established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC) and HR, and becomes smaller if the difference between the large portion (LP) and unit mass (U) decreases. The φ_IESTI ranged between 2 and 5.1 in the 16 cases examined indicating that the IESTI_p calculation method leads to higher intake estimates. The ratio of CV_IESTIp and CV_IESTIc ranged typically between 0.62 and 1.71. It rapidly increased up to 12 trials. For a larger number of trials, the ratio remained practically constant (1.69–1.71). The processing factor (PF) equally affects the MRL and HR values, therefore, it will not practically influence the φ_IESTI. The uncertainty of the estimated median residues depends on the spread and number of values in the residue datasets, which affects the uncertainty of the conversion factor (CF) and subsequently the uncertainty of the estimated IESTI_p. Residue values obtained from minimum nine independent trials are required for the correct calculation of the 95% confidence intervals of the calculated median residues. The uncertainty of the analytical results directly affects the median, HR values and indirectly the calculated mrl and the MRL derived from it. Therefore, it should also be considered for the calculation of the combined uncertainty of the conversion factors. For the correct interpretation of the results of dietary exposure calculations, the upper 95% confidence limit of the short-term intake should also be considered. However, it is not the current practice of regulatory agencies or JMPR.     

Quality standard codes of reference of Jordanian coastal waters of the Gulf of Aqaba,Red Sea

Back in 1992, the Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan (GAEAP), a collaboration between the Aqaba Region Authority (ARA), Jordan and the World Bank, gave considerable emphasis to the environmental protection of the Gulf of Aqaba [The World Bank. Gulf of Aqaba Environmental Action Plan. Report No. 12244JO (1993).]. The document recommended the establishment of a marine reserve and the long term monitoring of the coastal habitats’ environmental quality. The combination of a dedicated follow up, the collaborative efforts of ARA and the Marine Science Station (MSS), and the founding of the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority (ASEZA) have turned the recommendations into reality. A comprehensive monitoring program of the Jordanian coastal habitats commenced in 1999. The first three years of the program were financed by a donation from The Global Environmental Facility (GEF). In return, Jordan has committed itself to the maintenance of the monitoring program as an ongoing tool for sustainable coastal management. The monitoring program includes observations on benthic habitat, fish communities, bottom sediments and seawater quality. This paper focuses on the results of seawater-quality monitoring in the first three years. Records of weather conditions, coastal currents, seawater temperature, transparency, salinity, density, pH, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silicate, particulate matter, chlorophyll a, zooplankton biomass, total coliform, fecal coliform, hydrocarbons and sedimentation rate have been generated monthly since January 1999 at six coastal stations, and one offshore reference station, in the Jordanian waters of the Gulf of Aqaba. The coastal stations are located at sites with different benthic habitats and are occupied by different human activities. Offshore records of density (thermohaline structure), nutrients and chlorophyll a depicted two well-defined seasons; a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-rich, mixed water winter from December to April and a nutrient-/chlorophyll a-poor, stratified water summer from June to October. Short transition seasons appeared in May and November. The mixing and stratification seasons were also clearly depicted in the coastal waters. Statistical analysis of the three-year data collected at the offshore station revealed no significant inter-annual differences in the upper 125 m of the water column with respect to any of the measured parameters. At coastal stations, the water quality at the two northernmost stations was significantly different in comparison to the upper 125 m at the offshore station and to the other coastal stations, with respect to the two key indicator parameters: inorganic nitrogen and chlorophyll a. The three-year findings of the monitoring program are employed to suggest standard codes of reference for the coastal water quality.     

Fish as an indicator of aquatic environment: Multielemental neutron activation analysis of nutrient and pollutant elements in fish from Indian coastal areas

Fish is the main food in coastal areas and its analysis for toxic metals has been used as an indicator of the pollution status of the aquatic environment. Several different fish species from the three Indian coasts, Visakhapatnam in the east, Mumbai in the west and Mangalore in the south west and also inland freshwater fish from Nagpur in the central region for comparison were analyzed for up to 20 elements (As, Au, Ba, Br, Cl, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Zn) by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). Dried fish samples in powdered form were irradiated with thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor followed by high resolution gamma ray spectrometry at different intervals. Several Reference Materials (RMs) of biological origin were analyzed for quality assurance and data validation. Elemental contents in different fish species vary in a wide range depending on the species, its size, location, and aquatic environment. Fish from Mangalore showed highest mean contents of Cr (14.8?±?29.9?µg?g^?1), Cu (1005?±?643?µg?g^?1) and Sb (849?±?888?ng?g^?1) whereas those from Mumbai exhibited highest Hg (2066?±?2146?ng?g^?1) and P (20.3?±?4.63?µg?g^?1) but lowest Cu (6.30?±?3.10?µg?g^?1) contents. Fish from all the regions showed significant amounts of nutrient elements such as Na, K, P, Mn, Fe, Se and Zn as well as some pollutant elements (Br, Cr, Sb, Hg). No regularity in variation of elemental contents with the size was observed. Prawn (Panaeus latisulcatus), a popular fish species from four different regions showed wide variation in elemental contents of Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Se, P including toxic pollutants, Sb and Hg. An attempt has been made to calculate daily dietary intake (DDI) for some nutrient elements from Indian fish. Elemental data for Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn have been compared with those from other fish exporting countries.     

A new procedure combining GC-MS with accelerated solvent extraction for the analysis of phthalic acid esters in contaminated soils

An optimized procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) is developed for the analysis of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs), which are priority soil pollutants nominated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Quantification of PAEs in soil employs ultrasonic extraction (UE) (USEPA 3550) and ASE (USEPA 3545), followed by clean up procedures involving three different chromatography columns and two combined elution methods. GC-MS conditions under selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode are described and quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) criteria with high accuracy and sensitivity for target analytes were achieved. Method reliability is assured with the use of an isotopically labeled PAE, di-n-butyl phthalate-d4 (DnBP-D4), as a surrogate, and benzyl benzoate (BB) as an internal standard, and with the analysis of certified reference materials (CRM). QA/QC for the developed procedure was tested in four PAE-spiked soils and one PAE-contaminated soil. The four spiked soils were originated from typical Chinese agricultural fields and the contaminated soil was obtained from an electronic waste dismantling area. Instrument detection limits (IDLs) for the six PAEs ranged 0.10–0.31 μg·L^-1 and method detection limits (MDLs) of the four spiked soils varied from a range of 20–70 μg·kg^-1 to a range of 90– 290 μg·kg^-1. Linearity of response between 20 μg·L^-1 and 2 mg·L^-1 was also established and the correlation coefficients (R) were all>0.998. Spiked soil matrix showed relative recovery rates between 75 and 120% for the six target compounds and about 93% for the surrogate substance. The developed procedure is anticipated to be highly applicable for field surveys of soil PAE pollution in China.     

基于门限极值理论的湖泊水质参照状态的确定

在前人工作的基础上,利用门限极值的广义Pareto分布理论和超出阈值峰(Peak Over Threshold,POT)方法,提出了一种确定湖泊参照状态浓度的新方法.该方法不仅能够给出更为精确的置信区间,而且克服了广义极值分布理论取用数据浪费等缺陷.将该方法应用到太湖的水质基准参照状态中,通过POT方法对太湖8个站点1995~2006年总氮(TN),总磷(TP)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的数据进行预处理,分别以-1.0mg/L, -0.05mg/L与-4μg/L作为它们观测值相反数的门限值,结果表明观测值的相反数符合广义Pareto分布,验证了方法的可行性.推荐采用25%分位点的值作为太湖总氮,总磷和叶绿素a的参照状态,即太湖的参照状态是:总氮0.66mg/L;总磷0.023mg/L;叶绿素a为1.27μg/L.最后分别得出了它们各自的95%置信区间,而且其精度明显高于广义极值分布理论结果.     

天蓝苜蓿锌胁迫下实时定量PCR内参基因筛选

选取8个管家基因(h2a、act、18s、tub、ubi、ef1、cyp、gapdh)作为候选内参基因,以不同浓度Zn2+处理下接菌第30d的天蓝苜蓿(Medicago Lupulina L.)接种根为实验材料,筛选用于目的基因实时荧光定量PCR分析的最佳内参基因.研究表明:候选内参基因平均表达稳定性由高到低排序为:ef1>ubi>act>h2a>gapdh>cyp>18s>tub;在不同Zn2+浓度胁迫下,最适内参基因组合各不相同:Zn2+=100mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为tub (1.97)和ef1 (2.06); Zn2+=200mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (1.41)和ubi (2.51); Zn2+=300mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (1.41)和h2a (2.78); Zn2+=400mg/kg时,最佳内参基因组合为ef1 (2.45)和act (2.55).该研究可为重金属污染地天蓝苜蓿抗性基因和共生基因的表达分析提供理论依据.     

欧盟国家燃煤电厂环保政策及技术路线分析

温室气体的排放控制作为全球性的环境问题受到了广泛关注。中国是火力发电的大国,其燃煤机组的温室气体排放总量巨大。《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》（GB 13223-2011）提高了我国燃煤电厂的烟气污染物排放的要求,对火电厂烟气处理的技术选择和投资都会产生重大影响。针对中国燃煤电厂环保面临的新形势,阐述了欧盟国家的环保政策重点,并对欧盟国家燃煤电厂污染物控制的相关标准进行了分析,同时简要介绍了欧盟国家燃煤电厂环保的主要技术路线,在一定程度上可作为中国燃煤电厂污染物控制的借鉴和参考。     

矿产资源综合评价模型的建立及其应用

矿产资源是一个地区或国家财富的重要来源,具有不可再生性;因此,在开发矿产资源时必须对其进行评估,按照评估排出的开发顺序进行开发。本文以经济地理学有关理论及“最大概率乘积定理”为基础,建立了矿产资源综合评价数学模型,并以山西忻州地区为例,分不同层次对矿产资源进行了综合评价。     

Field Intercomparison of Main Components in Air in EMEP

Within the European monitoring network (EMEP, ) several different sampling procedures for measuring the main air components have been applied. This has contributed to systematic concentration differences and a comparability problem. Since 1997 co-located experiments in 15 countries have been carried out to quantify these differences. In addition, three major measurement campaigns were organized by EMEP between 1985 and 1991. Differences among results depend on the concentration level and methods used. The decrease in SO₂ concentrations over the last twenty years has placed greater demands on the methodology. Absorbing solutions methods for SO₂, (H₂O₂ and tetrachloromercurate (TCM)) typically have higher detection limits than the reference method, which uses KOH impregnated filters. The TCM method also has problems with negative interference, especially in summertime. UV fluorescence monitors have in a few cases proven to give good results, but interferences, detection limit and poor maintenance can be problems. For NO₂, many countries are using the TGS absorption solution method, which has a higher detection limit than the reference method using NaI impregnated glass sinters. The Salzmann method gives unreliable results at concentrations below 1 μgN/m³, and even at higher concentrations the uncertainty is rather unsatisfactory. The chemiluminescence monitor with molybdenum converters tends to systematically overestimate NO₂ concentrations, possibly because zero-drift problems and the non-specific response to NO₂. Particulate sulphate measurements in general have lower bias and uncertainties than gas and other aerosol measurements.