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11.
Marc O. Ribaudo Jessica Gottlieb 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2011,47(1):5-14
Ribaudo, Marc O. and Jessica Gottlieb, 2011. Point‐Nonpoint Trading – Can It Work? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):5‐14. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00454.x Abstract: Water quality trading between point and nonpoint sources is of great interest as an alternative to strict command and control regulations on point sources for achieving water quality goals. The expectation is that trading will reduce the costs of water quality protection, and may speed compliance. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has issued guidance to the States on developing point‐nonpoint trading programs, and United States Department of Agriculture is encouraging farmer participation. However, existing point‐nonpoint trading programs have resulted in very few trades. Supply side and demand side impediments seem to be preventing trades from occurring in most trading programs. These include uncertainty over the number of discharge allowances different management practices can produce, high transactions costs of identifying trading partners, baseline requirements that eliminate low‐cost credits, the reluctance of point sources to trade with unfamiliar agents, and the perception of some farmers that entering contracts with regulated point sources leads to greater scrutiny and potential future regulation. Many of these problems can be addressed through research and program design. 相似文献
12.
In the last ten years official location policy in Nigeria for urban roadside traders, an enterprising group of urban poor operating at the lowest level of the informal sector of the economy has been very negative. Government believes that they should be removed from the streets and tucked away in obscure locations because of their tendency to deface the streets with litter and for causing vehicular and pedestrian traffic congestion. This paper identifies and assesses the magnitude of pollution created by the traders as a prelude to evolving a planning policy and strategy for regulating and formally accommodating street traders in good locations while still ensuring good environmental quality. 相似文献
13.
我国排污权交易的法律保障 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
邓文莉 《中国人口.资源与环境》2003,13(2):44-46
排污权交易是总量控制目标下最具潜力的环境管理手段,兼具环境质量 保障和成本效率的特点,这一交易的标的是排污权。文章分析了我国实行排污权交易的必要性,并提出实行排污权交易必须提供的法律保障。 相似文献
14.
Extension of EU Emissions Trading Scheme to Other Sectors and Gases: Consequences for Uncertainty of Total Tradable Amount 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Emissions trading in the European Union (EU), covering the least uncertain emission sources of greenhouse gas emission inventories
(CO2 from combustion and selected industrial processes in large installations), began in 2005. During the first commitment period
of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012), the emissions trading between Parties to the Protocol will cover all greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) and sectors (energy, industry, agriculture, waste, and selected land-use activities) included in the Protocol. In this paper,
we estimate the uncertainties in different emissions trading schemes based on uncertainties in corresponding inventories.
According to the results, uncertainty in emissions from the EU15 and the EU25 included in the first phase of the EU emissions
trading scheme (2005–2007) is ±3% (at 95% confidence interval relative to the mean value). If the trading were extended to
CH4 and N2O, in addition to CO2, but no new emissions sectors were included, the tradable amount of emissions would increase by only 2% and the uncertainty
in the emissions would range from −4 to +8%. Finally, uncertainty in emissions included in emissions trading under the Kyoto
Protocol was estimated to vary from −6 to +21%. Inclusion of removals from forest-related activities under the Kyoto Protocol
did not notably affect uncertainty, as the volume of these removals is estimated to be small. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, we study empirically whether uncertainty has an influence on trade in the US sulfur dioxide allowances market.
In particular, we investigate the role of uncertainty on banking behavior. To do this, we introduce a tractable, structural
model of trading permits under uncertainty. The model establishes a relation between banking behavior and risk preferences,
especially prudence in the Kimball (1990) sense. We then test this model using data on allowances, for utilities submitted to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s
Acid Rain Program, carried over from one year to the next. Evidence is found of imprudence, namely, utilities bank permits
in order to favor higher profits. Another finding is that larger utilities do not adopt behavior significantly different from
that of smaller ones.
This paper was presented at the “International Workshop on Uncertainty in Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Verification, Compliance
& Trading” in Warsaw, Poland, September 2004, under the title “Portfolio Management of Emissions Permits and Prudence Behavior.” 相似文献
16.
Compliance and Emissions Trading under the Kyoto Protocol: Rules for Uncertain Inventories 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zbigniew Nahorski Joanna Horabik Matthias Jonas 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2007,7(4-5):539-558
A solution is proposed for proving compliance with emission targets and for emissions trading in the event of uncertainties
in reported emission inventories. The solution is based on the undershooting concept, from which the mathematical conditions
for both proving compliance with a risk α and calculating effective emissions for trading are derived. Based on the reported emission units, the number of permits
granted is reduced in proportion to the uncertainty in the inventory. A country whose inventory has higher uncertainty is
thereby allotted fewer permits than a country with the same inventory but smaller uncertainty. 相似文献
17.
18.
Effective EU and Member State policies for stimulating CCS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is widely recognised as an option to mitigate climate change, consistent and effective EU policies to advance CCS are still absent. This paper discusses policy instruments for advancing large-scale deployment of CCS in the European Union, and evaluates them in a multi-criteria analysis. The EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) is a cost-effective instrument for limiting greenhouse gas emissions, but it is questionable whether its currently limited time horizon and short-trading periods will lead to substantial CCS diffusion. Complementary policies at the EU and the Member State level may repair this and provide sufficient incentives for CCS. Potential policies include financial instruments such as investment subsidies, a feed-in scheme, or a CO2 price guarantee, as well as a CCS mandate or a low-carbon portfolio. These policy options differ with respect to their environmental effectiveness, possible interaction with the EU-ETS, costs and financial risk involved, and their competition with other mitigation options. Interactions between Member State policies and the EU-ETS are smaller in scope than those of EU-wide policies, but they are more likely to lead to displacement of financial resources from other low-carbon technologies. In addition, national policies may pose a significant part of the financial risk of CCS operations with Member States, reducing the operator's incentive to innovate. Overall, structural policies at the EU level, such as a mandate or a low-carbon portfolio standard would be more conducive for realising large-scale deployment of CCS across the EU as well as more acceptable to environmental organisations. 相似文献
19.
20.
The establishment of a global multi-regional carbon market is considered to be a cost effective approach to facilitate global emission abatement and has been widely concerned.The ongoing planned linkage between the European Union’s carbon market and a new emission trading system in Australia in 2015 would be an important attempt to the practice of building up an international carbon market across different regions.To understand the abatement effect of such a global carbon market and to study its energy and economic impact on different market participants,this article adopts a global dynamic computable general equilibrium model with a detailed representation of the interactions between energy and economic systems.Our model includes 20 economic sectors and 19 regions,and describes in detail 17 energy technologies.Bundled with fossil fuel consumptions,the emission permits are considered to be essential inputs in each of the production and consumption activities in the economic system to simulate global carbon market policies.Carbon emission permits are endogenously set in the model,and can be traded between sectors and regions.Considering the current development of the global carbon market,this study takes 2020 as the study period.Four scenarios(reference scenario,independent carbon market scenario,Europe Union(EUh-Australia scenario,and China-EU-Australia scenario) are designed to evaluate the impact of the global carbon market involving China,the EU,and Australia.We find that the carbon price in the three countries varies a lot,from $32/tCO2 in Australia,to $17.5/tCO2 in the EU,and to $10/tCO2 in China.Though the relative emission reduction(3%) in China is lower than that in the EU(9%) and Australia(18%),the absolute emission reduction in China is far greater than that in the EU and Australia.When China is included in the carbon market,which already includes the EU and Australia,the prevailing global carbon price falls from $22 per ton carbon dioxide(CO2) to $12/tCO2,due to the relatively lower abatement cost in China.Seventy-one percent of the EU’s and eighty-one percent of Australia’s domestic reduction burden would be transferred to China,increasing 0.03%of the EU’s and 0.06%of Australia’s welfare.The emission constraint improves the energy efficiency of China’s industry sector by 1.4%,reduces coal consumption by3.3%,and increases clean energy by 3.5%. 相似文献