树脂固定床吸附含酚废水预测模型研究

针对应用于实际工业化的树脂固定床吸附研究较少,而与之相关的固定床吸附穿透曲线可以用来确定固定床吸附操作参数,为固定床的设计和实际操作提供指导。通过对恒定波振荡理论和吸附等温方程的联合,来预测固定床吸附穿透曲线;并研究了不同操作条件对大孔弱碱树脂吸附对硝基酚穿透曲线预测模型的影响。以期望为树脂固定床的设计和实际工业应用产生指导意义。     

微生物法处理海上钻井废钻井液

微生物法适用于海上钻井含油废弃物的处理。通过多次对菌株采集、分离、纯化和培养驯化,选育得到了3株对石油烃类有很好降解效果的石油类降解菌;确定了石油类降解菌适宜的生化处理条件:最佳生长及原油降解温度为50℃、最佳生长及原油降解酸碱性环境为pH=6.0、最佳菌株接种量2%、最佳原油初始浓度为500mg/L。处理后的含油废弃钻井液含油量基本稳定在2mg/L以下,降解率达98%以上。     

基于剩余污泥的超声法提取微生物絮凝剂

通过超声系列实验,对超声法从剩余污泥中提取微生物絮凝剂(MBF)进行了系统研究。从剩余污泥中提取的MBF在碱性条件下表现出较好的絮凝活性。提高污泥浓度有利于提取出较高絮凝活性的MBF。由于超声波的破解作用,超声频率或功率过高均不利于MBF的提取。在20 kHz的超声频率下,连续超声比脉冲为1、4或8 s超声时的提取效果均要好。经过工艺优化,采用20 kHz、120 W的超声波对剩余污泥(19.4 g/L)连续超声30 s,所提取的MBF对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率接近70%。结果表明,超声法可用于从剩余污泥中直接提取MBF,在降低MBF生产成本的同时实现污泥的资源化利用。     

填埋场中亚硝酸还原酶测定条件的优化

填埋垃圾中的含氮化合物经一系列生物脱氮作用,最终使得填埋场中的氮素得以消减,在这一过程中亚硝酸还原酶起着十分重要的作用。以填埋场中的填埋垃圾为研究对象,在土壤亚硝酸还原酶测定方法的基础上,对亚硝酸还原酶活性测定条件进行了优化。结果表明,填埋垃圾中的亚硝酸还原酶活性测定的最优条件为:垃圾样品风干温度25℃,2mL的1%NaNO2溶液和2.5 mL的1%葡萄糖溶液,抽气5 min,置于25℃的培养箱中培养24 h。优化后的测定条件相对标准偏差(RSD)小于1.27%,表明该方法具有较高的灵敏度和精密度。     

含锰废渣的氧化-活化再生回用工艺

为实现紫苏醛生产过程中二氧化锰（氧化剂）的循环利用,采用一种新型的氧化-活化工艺再生得到活性二氧化锰,即以紫苏醇合成紫苏醛过程中产生的含锰废渣为原料,首先采用氯酸钠氧化含锰废渣得到初级二氧化锰,然后使用高锰酸钾对初级二氧化锰进一步活化得到活性二氧化锰。实验表明,制取初级二氧化锰的最佳工艺条件为：反应时间为4h,反应温度为90～95℃,硫酸摩尔浓度为1.5 mol/L,氯酸钠加量为理论量的130%。制取活性二氧化锰的合适条件为：反应温度在60℃时,反应时间为1.5 h;反应温度在50℃时,反应时间为2.5 h。采用氧化-活化法再生的活性二氧化锰氧化紫苏醇,紫苏醛的产率可达52.8%,与使用电解二氧化锰氧化得到的紫苏醛的产率53.1%相当,而使用初级二氧化锰,紫苏醛的产率仅为14.9%。     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂二恶英对人体健康的风险评价

介绍了生活垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英的产生机理、对人体的危害及控制措施,以某生活垃圾焚烧发电厂环境影响评价为例,提出了二恶英对人体健康风险评价方法,同类项目环境影响评价提供借鉴。     

Facilitating substance phase‐out through material information systems and improving environmental impacts in the recycling stage of a product

The amount of electrical and electronic products is increasing rapidly, and this inevitably leads to the generation of large quantities of waste from these goods. Some of the generated e‐waste ends up in regions with sub‐standard recycling systems and may be processed under poor conditions. During uncontrolled incineration, halogenated dioxins and furans can be generated from brominated and chlorinated compounds in the products. In order to reduce the health and environmental risks involved in the recycling stage of the life cycle of electronics, an effective design‐for‐environment process must be established during the product development phase. Knowledge of the chemical substances in the product is crucial to being able to make informed decisions. Through full knowledge of the material content of procured components, phase‐outs of unwanted substances, such as halogenated substances, can be performed in an effective manner. Therefore, information is the key to success in phasing‐out substances; facilitating compliance of legal provisions for manufacturers of electrical and electronic devices; and improving the environmental footprint of products as they reach the end of the life cycle. After an introduction to the challenges of electronics waste management, this paper describes supply chain information systems and how they are used to facilitate substance phase‐outs in the electronics industry. Sony Ericsson has been working with phase‐outs of unwanted substances since it was founded in 2001. Through the introduction of a material declaration system that keeps track of all substances in the components used in the company's products, Sony Ericsson has been able to replace unwanted substances to improve environmental impacts at the recycling stage of a product.     

The importance of context for effective public engagement: learning from the governance of waste

This paper takes a new look at the importance of context – institutional and political – in effective public engagement processes. It does so through a rare comparative opportunity to examine the effectiveness of processes of public engagement in two UK waste authorities, where the same waste company was involved as both the primary contractor for the delivery of the waste management service (including new energy-from-waste facilities) and, furthermore, the same staff delivered the public engagement. Interrogating these cases affords the opportunity to place flesh on the bones of the sometimes ‘abstract’ skeleton of context. While engagement processes support effective local governance in an era of partnerships and deliberative democracy, the paper identifies that the methods adopted cannot be played out devoid of detailed understanding and response to local context, including the strength of partnership working between the public and private sector, the degree of political support for engagement, and the extent to which a traditional institutional paternalism still dominates.     

Localization of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) in poplar and switchgrass plants using phosphor imager autoradiography

Phosphor imager autoradiography is a technique for rapid, sensitive analysis of the localization of xenobiotics in plant tissues. Use of this technique is relatively new to research in the field of plant science, and the potential for enhancing visualization and understanding of plant uptake and transport of xenobiotics remains largely untapped. Phosphor imager autoradiography is used to investigate the uptake and translocation of the explosives 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene within Populus deltoides × nigra DN34 (poplar) and Panicum vigratum Alamo (switchgrass). In both plant types, TNT and/or TNT-metabolites remain predominantly in root tissues while RDX and/or RDX-metabolites are readily translocated to leaf tissues. Phosphor imager autoradiography is further investigated for use in semi-quantitative analysis of uptake of TNT by switchgrass.     

城市生活垃圾焚烧发电的现状及发展对策

分析了城市生活垃圾焚烧处理的国内外现状和意义,针对近年来新建和在建的垃圾焚烧发电项目或多或少面临的被抵制局面,提出了对策。