Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

南四湖沉积物中有机氯农药和多氯联苯垂直分布特征

通过对采集于南四湖湖区的沉积物柱状样品中有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）同系物的GC-ECD定量分析测定,并结合²¹⁰Pb同位素定年分析,重建了南四湖湖区有机污染物的污染史.结果表明,样品中OCPs、HCHs、DDTs和PCBs的含量范围分别为1.64～17.9、0.66～12.5、0.24～2.99和7.84～42.8 ng·g^-1.柱状沉积物的沉积速率为0.330 cm·a^-1,平均沉积通量为0.237 g·(cm²·a)^-1,所采集的样品沉积时间为1899～2000年.OCPs和PCBs分别在1960和1970年左右出现浓度峰值,随后含量逐渐下降.污染物来源分析表明,HCHs来源于新的工业HCH和林丹2种工业品,HCH和DDT污染主要源于历史上的使用;PCBs主要来自于造纸漂白过程和焚烧炉排放.生态风险评价结果表明,除β-HCH、γ-HCH和艾氏剂3种污染物在14～16　cm附近、对应沉积时间为1960年左右测试数据略高于风险水平低值,其余污染物的所有数据均低于风险水平低值.整体而言,南四湖柱状沉积物中的OCPs和PCBs含量属于低生态风险水平.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetic investigation of aromatic amphoteric compounds onto different polymeric adsorbents

The adsorption behavior of p-aminobenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid onto the different polymeric adsorbents was systematically investigated as a function of the solution concentration and temperature.Experimental results indicated that the equilibrium adsorption data of the four polymeric adsorbents fitted well in the Freundlich isotherm.The adsorption capacity of multi-functional polymeric adsorbent NJ-99 was the highest,which might be attributed to the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino groups on the resin and the carboxyl group of aminobenzoic acid.The adsorption capacity of o-aminobenzoic acid onto any adsorbent was higher than p-aminobenzoic acid.Thermodynamic studies suggested the exothermic,spontaneous physical adsorption process.Adsorption kinetics results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the intraparticle mass transfer process was the rate-controlling step.     

污水处理厂中全氟化合物的污染研究

为研究全氟化合物在污水厂中的去除效率和环境行为,对泰安市2座污水处理厂进出水中不同链长的全氟磺酸和全氟羧酸的存在与分布进行了采样调查,并分析了全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛烷羧酸(PFOA)在采用曝气-A2O工艺的污水处理厂各单位中的浓度变化情况.研究发现,上述污水厂进出水中全氟化合物的污染程度较轻,其中,PFOA、...     

长期暴露于全氟十三酸的青鳉鱼体内分布和生物富集

研究了将青鳉鱼长期暴露于不同浓度的全氟羧酸类物质全氟十三酸(PFTriDA)后的器官分布和富集系数.结果显示, PFTriDA最高富集在性腺;其次是卵、肝脏;浓度最低的部分是残体.除了性腺之外,该器官分布与野生中华鲟的一致.在相同暴露浓度下,雄鱼体内各器官的PFTriDA的含量高于雌鱼,机理模型计算进一步表明高母子传递系数是造成雌雄差异的可能原因.随着PFTriDA暴露浓度的升高,鱼体内同一器官的生物富集系数(BCF)呈现下降趋势.     

苏州、无锡和南通城市地表灰尘中的有机氯农药

2009年7月在江苏省南部城市苏州,无锡和南通采集了58个城市地表灰尘样品, 使用加速溶剂萃取、气相色谱质谱法测定了样品中的22种有机氯农药(OCPs).结果表明,样品中有19种OCPs被检出,总OCPs含量为76.6mg/kg.六氯苯(HCB)、总滴滴涕(DDTs)和氯丹是样品中检测出的主要OCPs,检出率分别为100%、100%和82.8%,含量分别为26.8mg/kg(0.432~348mg/kg)、39.6mg/kg(1.95~559mg/kg)和6.17mg/kg(ND~145mg/kg).城市地表灰尘样品与中国城市大气样品中检测出OCPs的种类基本一致,而各化合物之间的比例不同.与郊区农田土比较,地表灰尘中检测出的OCPs种类多且含量高.样品中(DDD+DDE)/DDTs的比值显示地表灰尘中的DDT大部分已经降解.城市地表灰尘中的HCB含量较高,工业污染来源可能性较大,工业污染源释放的HCB已经通过大气传输影响到了城区.城市地表灰尘中的反式-氯丹与顺式-氯丹的比值平均为1.94,表明城市中仍有新近使用氯丹的现象.     

青岛大气气溶胶中氨基化合物的分布特征

氨基化合物是大气气溶胶和雨水中常被检出的一类有机氮化合物,由于其可作为生物生长直接的氮源,因此可能对海洋生态系统产生直接作用.利用2008年1～12月在青岛采集的66个总悬浮颗粒物样品,采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,分析了其中溶解态(DAC)和颗粒态氨基化合物(PAC)的浓度.气溶胶中DAC浓度为2.4～40.9nmol·m-3,在春季最高,夏季次之,秋季、冬季最低.PAC浓度为0.7～76.1nmol·m-3,呈现春季冬季秋季夏季的变化趋势.不同季节氨基化合物的组成不同.依据气团的后向轨迹,气溶胶样品可分为受北方陆源、南方陆源和海洋源影响,DAC和PAC在受南方陆源影响的气溶胶中浓度最高,北方陆源次之,海洋源气溶胶中最低.不同来源的气溶胶中氨基化合物的组成不同,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总氨基化合物的贡献在海洋源气溶胶中最高,在南方源气溶胶中最低.     

青岛近海沉积物中多环芳烃、多氯联苯和有机氯农药的含量和分布特征

利用气相色谱/质谱方法对青岛近海表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了测定,并分析了PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的分布特征.结果表明,PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的均值分别为684.80、6.87和13.52ng·g-1,含量变化均呈近岸高、远岸低的分布规律.燃料的高温燃烧排放对本研究海域沉积物中PAHs有较大贡献;PCBs主要来源于工业及生活排放,但已受到控制;沉积物中HCHs存在工业和农业双重污染源输入,DDT主要是由于历史上使用农药造成,且在表层沉积物中受到好氧微生物降解.与国内外同类研究结果相比,调查海域沉积物中PAHs、PCBs和OCPs的污染程度及生态风险均处于较低水平.     

Effect of platinum on the photocatalytic degradation of chlorinated organic compound

TiO2 nanoparticles, doped with di erent Pt contents, were prepared by a modified photodeposition method using Degussa P-25 TiO2, H2PtCl6 6H2O and methanol as the solvents. The physicochemical properties of Pt/TiO2 were investigated by the nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm measurement technique, X-ray di raction analysis and photoluminescence spectra, respectively. Reaction rates from photocatalytic removal of dichloromethane over Degussa P-25 TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 were evaluated. The average diameter and BET surface area of the TiO2 catalyst particles were 300 nm and 50 m2/g, respectively. The degradation e ciency was 99.0%, 82.7%, 55.2%, and 57.9% with TiO2 at inlet concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm, respectively. And the degradation e ciency was 99.3%, 79.7%, 76.5%, and 73.4% with a 0.005 wt.% Pt/TiO2 at inlet concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 300 ppm, respectively. In addition, we found that the photoluminescence emission peak intensities decreased with increases in the doping amount of Pt, which indicates that the irradiative recombination was weakened. Furthermore, the results showed that the UV/0.005 wt.% Pt/TiO2 process was capable of e ciently decomposing gaseous DCM in air.