Particle properties in granular activated carbon filter during drinking water treatment

The elemental composition and bacteria attached in particles were investigated during granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.The experimental results showed that trapped influent particles could form new,larger particles on GAC surface.The sloughing of individuals off GAC surface caused an increase in effluent particles in the size range from 5 to 25 μm.The selectivity for element removal in GAC filters caused an increasing proportion of metallic elements in the effluent particles.The distribution of molar ratio indicated a complicated composition for large particles,involving organic and inorganic substances.The organic proportion accounted for 40% of total carbon attached to the particles.Compared with dissolved carbon,there was potential for the formation of trihalomethanes by organic carbon attached to particles,especially for those with size larger than 10 μm.The pure carbon energy spectrum was found only in the GAC effluent and the size distribution of carbon fines was mainly above 10 μm.The larger carbon fines provided more space for bacterial colonization and stronger protection for attached bacteria against disinfection.The residual attached bacteria after chorine disinfection was increased to 10 2-10 3 CFU/mL within 24 hours at 25°C.     

An autotrophic nitrogen removal process：Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate

A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate.     

资源型城市转型的信贷投放约束及对策

资源型城市转型是一个世界性难题,是一个涉及面广、具有交叉性和复杂性的问题。本文简要介绍了发达国家推进资源型城市转型的主要做法,分析了资源型城市转型过程中制约银行信贷投放的主要因素,提出银行支持资源型城市转型的对策建议。     

盐度对污水硝化过程中N_2O产量的影响

采用调节盐度(7.5 g/L)和未调节盐度(0.1 g/L)实际生活污水驯化的活性污泥,分别考察了其相应硝化过程中N2O的产量和转化率.结果表明,盐度7.5 g/L生活污水硝化过程中N2O产量是未调节盐度N2O产量的2.85倍.考察其他盐度下污水硝化过程中N2O产量与转化率的结果表明,盐度从7.5 g/L降低到5.0、2.5 g/L后,N2O产量变化不大,但系统比氨氧化速率随着盐度的下降有所增加;当盐度从7.5 g/L急剧增加到10 g/L后,硝化过程中N2O产量和转化率均有大幅升高,产量达到7.5 g/L时的2.2倍,比氨氧化速率大幅下降.因此处理含盐污水时,应尽量避免盐度的过高波动,防止污水硝化过程中N2O产量和转化率大幅地升高.     

生物因子控制反冲洗对BEAC滤池优势菌稳定性影响研究

针对用于生物增强活性炭工艺(BEAC)中的6株优势菌,利用生物因子研究反冲洗对优势菌群在活性炭表面稳定性的影响,确定适合的反冲洗方式及强度.中试试验表明,气冲强度对BEAC生物膜的影响作用要比水冲洗大,通过比较反冲洗前后优势菌群生物量,确定BEAC滤池启动期采用单独水反冲洗,稳定期采用气水联合反冲洗,优势菌群在活性炭表面的平均生物损失量为15.47%;利用生物量和生物活性的乘积(生物需氧量,BRP)确定最佳反冲洗气强度为8～10 L/(m~2·s),反冲洗前后的生物量和生物活性变化最小;扫描电镜和PCR-DGGE图片结果表明,启动期采用气水联合反冲洗导致优势菌数量减少,稳定期采用气水联合反冲洗可保持优势菌的稳定性,反冲洗前后优势菌在活性炭表面数量变化较小.     

气溶胶质谱仪在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用

有机气溶胶非均相和多相反应是复杂的微界面过程,它涉及气体的吸附、扩散、反应和解吸,传统的化学分析仪器不能提供完整实时的微界面过程的化学反应信息.气溶胶质谱仪是近年来发展起来用于实时分析颗粒物化学组分的重要仪器,它弥补了传统化学分析仪器,如GC/MS在实时分析上的不足,为研究有机气溶胶非均相化学反应的微界面过程提供了新的方法.本文旨在介绍气溶胶质谱仪的结构及其在研究有机气溶胶环境微界面过程中的应用.     

闽江河口芦苇潮汐湿地甲烷通量及主要影响因子

2007年利用静态箱-气相色谱仪法对闽江河口区最大的鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地和入侵种互花米草斑块涨潮前、涨落潮过程及落潮后甲烷通量季节动态进行了原位测定,并利用室内培养-气相色谱仪法测定了芦苇湿地不同土层土壤甲烷产生潜力.结果表明,鳝鱼滩芦苇湿地全年均属于大气甲烷的排放源,排放通量具有明显的季节变化;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后甲烷通量大小并无一致的规律,平均排放通量分别为5.13、5.06和4.74 mg·m-2·h-1,差异不显著,其中涨落潮过程排放到潮水和大气环境的甲烷通量分别为2.98和2.08 mg·m-2·h-1.互花米草入侵斑块年均甲烷排放通量(11.02mg·m-2·h-1)明显高于芦苇湿地年均甲烷排放通量(4.98mg·m-2·h-1),互花米草入侵明显增加了闽江河口区湿地的甲烷排放通量.芦苇湿地0～40 cm土壤中甲烷产生潜力范围为0.029～0.123μg·g-1·d-1,0～5 cm土层的甲烷产生潜力最大,且与其它土层差异显著(P<0.05).气温、土壤温度和地上生物量对芦苇湿地甲烷排放影响显著(P<0.05),落潮后芦苇湿地甲烷排放通量与盐度有负相关关系.     

厌氧氨氧化微生物在有机碳源条件下的代谢特性

通过多系列血清瓶实验并结合吉布斯自由能量分析探讨了厌氧氨氧化微生物在有机碳源条件下的代谢特性.实验结果表明：在葡萄糖作为有机碳源的条件下,低浓度的葡萄糖 (0.5 mmol·L-1) 能够促进厌氧氨氧化反应的速率,高浓度的葡萄糖 (≥1 mmol·L-1) 抑制了厌氧氨氧化活性;厌氧氨氧化微生物不仅具有厌氧氨氧化的代谢特性,还具有反硝化和硫酸盐还原的代谢能力.吉布斯自由能量分析表明： 在低浓度葡萄糖条件下,尽管最初厌氧氨氧化途径具有优势,但随后与反硝化途径展开竞争并处于劣势;在高浓度葡萄糖条件下,与厌氧氨氧化途径相比,反硝化途径完全占据优势;硫酸盐还原途径与厌氧氨氧化和反硝化途径相比不具有能量优势,只能发生在这两个途径之后.     

环境友好型生态农庄建设探析

从环境保护的角度出发,分析当前中国生态农庄建设的现状和存在问题,提出发展环境友好型生态农庄的思路,进而以节能减排、环境保护和环境教育为出发点,阐述建设环境友好型生态农庄的几大设想,为今后中国生态农庄建设提供参考和借鉴.