区域大气环境中PM2．5／PM10空间分布研究

提出了一种利用移动监测技术研究区域大气环境中PM2.5／PM10空间分布的方法，并在2004年12月进行了宁波市全市域PM2.5／PM10空间分布的研究。数据显示：相同路径所代表的地区PM2.5和PM10具有很好的相关性，多数路径上PM2.5与PM10数据的相关系数平方在0．95以上，而不同路径上PM2.5与PM10的比值不同。文中给出了宁波市PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布图，直观地显示出PM2.5／PM10污染的空间分布情况，突出了污染的重点点位和地区。     

杭州市大气PM2.5和PM10污染特征及来源解析

2006年在杭州市两个环境受体点位采集不同季节大气中PM_2.5和PM₁₀样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源类样品,分析了其质量浓度和多种化学成分,包括21种无机元素、5种无机水溶性离子以及有机碳和元素碳等,并据此构建了杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀的源与受体化学成分谱;用化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型解析其来源。结果表明,杭州市PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染较严重,其年均浓度分别为77.5μg/m³和111.0μg/m³;各主要源类对PM_2.5的贡献率依次为机动车尾气尘21.6%、硫酸盐18.8%、煤烟尘16.7%、燃油尘10.2%、硝酸盐9.9%、土壤尘8.2%、建筑水泥尘4.0%、海盐粒子1.5%。各主要源类对PM₁₀贡献率依次为土壤尘17.0%、机动车尾气尘16.9%、硫酸盐14.3%、煤烟尘13.9%、硝酸盐粒8.2%、建筑水泥尘8.0%、燃油尘5.5%、海盐粒子3.4%、冶金尘3.2%。     

Assessment of population exposure to particulate matter pollution in Chongqing, China

To determine the population exposure to PM(10) in Chongqing, China, we developed an indirect model by combining information on the time activity patterns of various demographic subgroups with estimates of the PM(10) concentrations in different microenvironments (MEs). The spatial and temporal variations of the exposure to PM(10) were illustrated in a geographical information system (GIS). The population weighted exposure (PWE) for the entire population was 229, 155 and 211 microg/m(3), respectively, in winter, summer and as the annual average. Indoor PM(10) level at home was the largest contributor to the PWE, especially for the rural areas where high pollution levels were found due to solid fuels burning. Elder people had higher PM(10) exposure than adults and youth, due to more time spent in indoor MEs. The highest health risk due to particulate was found in the city zone and northeast regions, suggesting that pollution abatement should be prioritized in these areas.     

Using the polychaete Arenicola marina to determine toxicity and bioaccumulation of PAHS bound to sediments

Transportation system has contributed significantly to the development of human civilization; on the other hand it has an enormous impact on the ambient air quality in several ways. In this paper the air and noise pollution at selected sites along three sections of National Highway was monitored. Pakistan National Highway Authority has started a Highway Improvement program for rehabilitations and maintenance of National highways to improve the traffic flows, and would ultimately improve the air quality along highways. The ambient air quality and noise level was monitored at nine different locations along these sections of highways to quantify the air pollution. The duration of monitoring at individual location was 72 h. The most of the sampling points were near the urban or village population, schools or hospitals, in order to quantify the air pollution at most affected locations along these roads. A database consisting of information regarding the source of emission, local metrology and air quality may be created to assess the profile of air quality in the area.     

A methodological framework for improving air quality monitoring network layout. Applications to environment management

This work aims to provide a methodology framework which allows to improve the performance and efficiency of an air quality monitoring network (AQMN). It requires to be constituted by a minimum and reliable number of measurement sites. Nevertheless, the AQMN efficiency should be assessed over time, as a consequence of the possible emergence of new emission sources of air pollutants, which could lead to variations on their spatial distribution within the target area. PM₁₀ particles data monitored by the Community of Madrid's (Spain) AQMN between 2008 and 2017 were used to develop a methodology to optimize the AQMN performance. The annual spatial distribution of average PM₁₀ levels over the studied period monitored by all current stations vs those more representative was provided by a geographic information system (GIS), and the percentage of similarity between both postulates was quantified using simple linear regression (> 95%). As one innovative tool of this study, the practical application of the proposed methodology was validated using PM₁₀ particles data measured by AQMN during 2007 and 2018, reaching a similitude degree higher than 95%. The influence of temporal variation on the proposed methodological framework was around 20%.The proposed methodology sets criteria for identifying non-redundant stations within AQMN, it is also able to appropriately assess the representativeness of fixed monitoring sites within an AQMN and it complements the guidelines set by European legislation on air pollutants monitoring at fixed stations, which could help to tackle efforts to improve the air quality management.     

Implementation of a windblown dust parameterization into MODELS-3/CMAQ: Application to episodic PM events in the US/Mexico border

Windblown dust is known to impede visibility, deteriorate air quality and modify the radiation budget. Arid and semiarid areas with unpaved and unvegetated land cover are particularly prone to windblown dust, which is often attributed to high particulate matter (PM) pollution in such areas. Yet, windblown dust is poorly represented in existing regulatory air quality models. In a study by the authors on modeling episodic high PM events along the US/Mexico border using the state-of-the-art CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE air quality modeling system [Choi, Y.-J., Hyde, P., Fernando, H.J.S., 2006. Modeling of episodic particulate matter events using a 3D air quality model with fine grid: applications to a pair of cities in the US/Mexico border. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5181–5201], some of the observed PM₁₀ NAAQS exceedances were inferred as due to windblown dust, but the modeling system was incapable of dealing with time-dependent episodic dust entrainment during high wind periods. In this paper, a time-dependent entrainment parameterization for windblown dust is implemented in the CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE modeling system with the hope of improving PM predictions. An approach for realizing windblown dust emission flux for each grid cell over the study domain on an hourly basis, which accounts for the influence of factors such as soil moisture content, atmospheric stability and wind speed, is presented in detail. Comparison of model predictions with observational data taken at a pair of US/Mexico border towns shows a clear improvement of model performance upon implementation of the dust emission flux parameterization.     

天津市夏季PM10浓度及组成元素垂直分布特征

通过天津市气象局大气边界层观测站高255 m的气象铁塔,获得了10m、40m、120m和220 m 4个高度共80个PM10样品,分析了PM10的日均质量浓度及其元素的垂直分布特征.结果表明,4个高度处PM10质量浓度时序变化基本一致;PM10质量浓度及其组成元素总量随高度增加递减;10 m、40m和120m3个高度处的PM10质量浓度时间序列分布的相关性较好,组分分歧系数较小,而220 m处的PM10质量浓度时间序列分布与其他3个高度处的相关性较差,组分分歧系数较大.样品中元素质量浓度由高到低依次是Si、Al、Ca、Fe、Na、Mg、K、Zn、Ti、Cu、Mn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Co、V、As、Cd和Hg.其中,Si、Al、Na、K质量分数随高度变化不大;Ca、Fe、Mg质量分数随高度增加递减明显;Zn、Cu、Mn、Pb、Cr在10m、40m和120 m3个高度处质量分数接近,而在220m处明显降低;Ti元素在4个高度处的质量浓度接近,质量分数总体上随高度增加递增;Ni、Co、V、As、Cd、Hg质量分数随高度的变化不同,其中与燃煤有密切关系的Hg在120 m处质量分数明显高于其他高度处,而在220m处最低.Al、Fe、Na、K等元素相对富集因子小于或接近1,其质量浓度与PM10质量浓度时序分布的相关性较好,其中Al、Na相关系数随高度增加显著递减;Zn,Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Ni的相对富集因子显著大于1,其质量浓度与PM10质量浓度时序分布的相关性较差,相关系数随高度增加变化不大.     

北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度变化规律研究

为较好地了解当前北京城6区大气颗粒物PM2.5和PM10质量浓度的污染水平及变化规律,根据2013年3月11日至2014年2月28日城6区12个空气质量实时监测点连续、实时的监测结果,构建多点位、完整时间序列的颗粒物质量浓度数据资料.应用数理统计分析手段,对当前北京城6区大气颗粒物质量浓度的频数分布、相关性和逐时变化特征进行分析,并结合全年实际气象特征,对引起大气颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素进行了初步探讨.结果表明,2013年3月至2014年2月北京城6区大气颗粒物污染较为严重,且PM2.5和PM10质量浓度具有特别显著的线性相关关系,全年相关系数达0.9,10年间无显著变化;二者年均值达91.7 μg/m3和116.9 μg/m3,分别超标162％和67％;二者质量浓度比达78.4％,10年间同比增长约20％.颗粒物质量浓度逐时变化受季节变化影响明显,总体呈现夜间最高、白天最低的趋势,变化周期为7～9h.研究表明,影响颗粒物质量浓度变化的因素包括春季的大风和生物粒子、夏季的湿热和降雨、秋季和冬季的逆温现象和降雪等气象因素及规律性的人为源因素.     

北京市MODIS气溶胶光学厚度与PM_(10)质量浓度的相关性分析

利用北京地区2012年1—12月NASA MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和通过空气污染指数(API)转换得到的PM10质量浓度进行了相关性分析.结果发现,二者的直接相关程度较低,在引入季节变化的气溶胶标高且考虑了气溶胶的垂直分布后,进行标高订正,二者的相关系数有所提高;在考虑了湿度影响因子后,进行湿度订正,二者的相关系数显著提高;引入平均风速、平均气温和平均气压等气象因素,进行多元回归分析,相关系数进一步提高.证实了卫星遥感气溶胶光学厚度在经过垂直和湿度订正并考虑气象因素的情况下,可以作为监测北京地区颗粒物污染物地面分布的一个有效手段.     

衡水市道路交通环境颗粒物污染特性及控制对策研究

针对衡水市机动车污染问题,本文选择衡水市代表性路段,对其进行了实验,如采样点的确定、采样时间和频率、监测方法及标准和使用的实验仪器,得到了结果与分析,如交通环境中PM10和TSP的变化特征、PM10/TSP比值和交通环境中PM10和TSP的影响因素分析,并提出衡水市道路交通环境空气污染控制措施,主要是完善城市交通和城市规划、城市绿化、发展清洁能源、完善管理体制和加强交通管理宣传教育,给出了切实可行的改善和控制措施.