Dry deposition of PM10 over the Yellow Sea during Asian dust events from 2001 to 2007

Dry deposition velocities and fluxes of PM10during Asian dust events over the Yellow Sea from 2001 to 2007 were investigated using observation data in Qingdao, China and Jeju, Korea. The dry deposition velocities of PM10 during dust events over the Yellow Sea ranged from 0.19 to 8.17 cm/sec, with an average of 3.38 cm/sec. Dry deposition fluxes of PM10during dust events over the Yellow Sea were in the range of 68.5–2647.1 mg/(m2·day), with an average of 545.4 mg/(m2·day), which is 2–10 times higher than those reported by other studies for both dust and non-dust periods. It was estimated that 2.6 × 1011–48.7 × 1011g dust particles deposit to the Yellow Sea during dust events through dry deposition every year. Compared with the results in previous studies, it was found that the dry deposition of PM10over the Yellow Sea during dust events in the years with high frequency of dust could account for a large or overwhelming fraction of the annual total dry deposition. Backward air mass trajectory analysis showed that dust events influenced Jeju mainly originated from the desert regions located in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia, China. There were 119 backward trajectories influenced both Qingdao and Jeju during 15 dust events from 2001 to 2007, accounting for 61.3% of the total trajectories of 194, indicating that Qingdao and Jeju were usually on the same pathway of dust transport downwind from source areas.     

Atmospheric Loadings,Concentrations and Visibility Associated with Sandstorms: Satellite and Meteorological Analysis

This Korea-China study monitored the phenomena of sandstorms and significant dustfall (SD) from 1997 to 2000. The analysis of our data included ground measurements of dust concentration, visibility, satellite imagery, aircraft and lidar observations. In addition, an estimation of atmospheric loadings and a studyon the relationship between dust concentrations and visibilitywere carried out. The movement and invasion of dust clouds toKorea were clearly identified with meteorological and satellitedata. The increasing concentrations of TSP and PM₁₀ concurredwell with the satellite information. From case studies, weestimated that atmospheric loadings of a dust cloud were over 1million ton and that the deposition over the Korean Peninsulawas in the range from 46 000 to 86 000 tons. For SD withvisibility of 3 km, we predict TSP 659 g m^-3 and PM₁₀ 493 g m^-3. We recommend the issuance of an SD Watch(advisory) and an SD Warning for the general public.     

Assessment of HEADS UP online training as an educational intervention for sports officials/athletic trainers

Background: Sports- and recreation-related concussions are a common injury among children. Sports officials (SOs) and athletic trainers (ATs) are integral to setting the stage for safe play and managing concussions when they occur, and significant numbers of both groups have completed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s HEADS UP online concussion training course. However, the utility of the course for these audiences has not been assessed. We hypothesized that sports officials’ and athletic trainers’ concussion-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions will improve from pre- and post-test after completing CDC’s HEADS UP online concussion training course. Method: Respondents’ concussion-related knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions were assessed both before and after taking the training course. Differences between pre- and post-test scores were calculated based on the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test Z-score or McNemar’s test. Effect sizes were interpreted. Results: The SOs and ATs who participated in the HEADS UP online training had a high level of concussion knowledge before taking the course: 90% or more of respondents could identify the correct response for at least seven of the 13 knowledge questions in the pre-test. Still, the course was effective at improving the respondents’ knowledge about return-to-play protocols and concussion reporting. Further, SOs and ATs demonstrated improvement in their concussion-related attitudes and behavioral intentions between the pre- and post-test. Conclusion: SOs’ and ATs’ concussion knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions improved immediately following completion of the CDC HEADS UP online training. Future research could also focus on the long-term retention of this type of training. Practical Applications: This study provides insight into how to better focus concussion-related educational programs to fit SOs’ and ATs’ needs.     

Household youth on minority operated farms in the United States, 2000: exposures to and injuries from work, horses, ATVs and tractors

INTRODUCTION: It is likely that youth living on minority operated farms (<3% of U.S. farms) face hazards similar to the general farm population; however, since minority youth are not well represented by general farm surveys, this information hasn't been confirmed. METHOD: Nonfatal injury and exposure data were obtained from the 2000 Minority Farm Operator Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey (M-CAIS). RESULTS: On racial minority farms, there were an estimated 28,600 household youth. Of these, about 41% worked, 26% rode a horse, 23% drove an ATV, and 23% operated a tractor. On Hispanic farms, there were an estimated 17,998 household youth. Of these, 44% worked, 30% rode a horse, 27% drove an ATV, and 25% operated a tractor. CONCLUSIONS: These results show the value of conducting a survey of minorities to identify high risk groups and target issues that may be unique to the minority farm population.     

我国劳动保护产业发展对策研究

劳动保护作为职业安全健康的重要领域 ,对劳动者及相关人员的安全具有积极的促进作用 ,由于劳动保护产业市场化不足 ,整体产业缺乏战略发展规划 ,现有产业发展已跟不上现代社会需求变化的步伐。笔者通过对劳动保护产业宏观环境及产业竞争力的分析 ,揭示了目前该产业发展过程中面临的困难和瓶颈 ;建议在政府积极引导的基础上 ,走市场化道路 ;通过加强安全文化建设、吸取SARS的教训、利用WTO及奥运会等事件的严峻挑战和大好机遇。     

北京申奥宣传中应体现可持续发展理念的几点建议

可持续发展已经作为一种理念成为全人类的共识和共同的追求。北京中奥应集中体现中国作为发展中国家的特点,可用持续发展理念来指导绿色奥运、人文奥运、科技奥运,打好三结合这张牌。     

Use of structured expert judgment to forecast invasions by bighead and silver carp in Lake Erie

Identifying which nonindigenous species will become invasive and forecasting the damage they will cause is difficult and presents a significant problem for natural resource management. Often, the data or resources necessary for ecological risk assessment are incomplete or absent, leaving environmental decision makers ill equipped to effectively manage valuable natural resources. Structured expert judgment (SEJ) is a mathematical and performance‐based method of eliciting, weighting, and aggregating expert judgments. In contrast to other methods of eliciting and aggregating expert judgments (where, for example, equal weights may be assigned to experts), SEJ weights each expert on the basis of his or her statistical accuracy and informativeness through performance measurement on a set of calibration variables. We used SEJ to forecast impacts of nonindigenous Asian carp (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) in Lake Erie, where it is believed not to be established. Experts quantified Asian carp biomass, production, and consumption and their impact on 4 fish species if Asian carp were to become established. According to experts, in Lake Erie Asian carp have the potential to achieve biomass levels that are similar to the sum of biomasses for several fishes that are harvested commercially or recreationally. However, the impact of Asian carp on the biomass of these fishes was estimated by experts to be small, relative to long term average biomasses, with little uncertainty. Impacts of Asian carp in tributaries and on recreational activities, water quality, or other species were not addressed. SEJ can be used to quantify key uncertainties of invasion biology and also provide a decision‐support tool when the necessary information for natural resource management and policy is not available. El Uso de Juicio Experto Estructurado para Predecir Invasiones de Carpas Asiáticas en el Lago Erie     

南京青奥会空气质量监测保障的经验与思考

从空气质量保障目标、监测网络、预测预报、信息发布、科研课题等角度,对比分析了南京青奥会、北京奥运会、上海世博会、广州亚运会等4大赛事/活动的空气质量监测保障体系,总结了南京青奥会在空气流动监测车布设、空气质量专家会商与信息发布等方面的经验得失,并提出了改善建议。     

北京冬季奥运会历史同期大气PM2.5污染特征分析

基于2015~2021年的1~3月北京市大气PM_2.5浓度与化学组成长期观测数据,分析了2022年北京冬季奥林匹克运动会（冬奥会）和北京冬季残疾人奥林匹克运动会（冬季残奥会）历史同期的PM_2.5污染态势、化学组成特征以及潜在源区.2015~2018年的1~3月重污染［日均ρ（PM_2.5）>75 μg·m^-3］天数以及重污染期间PM_2.5平均值下降十分显著,之后这两者未发生明显改变.2018~2021年的1~3月每年平均发生重污染23 d,重污染天ρ（PM_2.5）平均值约为120.0 μg·m^-3.2015~2021年的1~3月超长重污染过程（连续重污染超过5 d）平均每年发生2~3次,其中2021年发生3次,且持续时间最长达到8 d.历年冬奥会历史同期发生重污染的天数为2~9 d,春节期间烟花爆竹大量燃放可能是该时期重污染发生的重要原因之一;冬季残奥会历史同期重污染天数一般为1~5 d,但2021年受频繁出现的静稳天气影响,重污染天数高达9 d.在同时段重污染期间,PM_2.5化学组成均以二次组分为主,例如在PM_2.5可测组分中,2020年NO₃^-质量分数高达46%,较同年清洁天（11%）显著增加;SO₄^2-质量分数为12%~19%,说明当前硫酸盐污染仍不容忽视.北京市1~3月PM_2.5主要贡献区域包括内蒙古自治区中西部、河北省、天津市、山西省、陕西省、山东省中西部和河南省北部.研究结果将为北京市冬季空气质量持续改善以及2022年冬奥会与冬季残奥会期间北京市环境空气质量保障提供科学依据.     

Seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer affected by the deep convection, surface pollutants and precipitation

The Asian Tropopause Aerosols Layer (ATAL) refers to an accumulation of aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere during boreal summer over Asia, which has a fundamental impact on the monsoon system and climate change. In this study, we primarily analyze the seasonal to sub-seasonal variations of the ATAL and the factors potentially influencing those variations based on MERRA2 reanalysis. The ability of the reanalysis to reproduce the ATAL is well validated by CALIPSO observations from May to October 2016. The results reveal that the ATAL has a synchronous spatiotemporal pattern with the development and movement of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Significant enhancement of ATAL intensity is found during the prevailing monsoon period of July–August, with two maxima centered over South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Owing to the fluctuations of deep convection, the ATAL shows an episodic variation on a timescale of 7–12 days. Attribution analysis indicates that deep convection dominates the variability of the ATAL with a contribution of 62.7%, followed by a contribution of 36.6% from surface pollutants. The impact of precipitation is limited. The ATAL further shows a clear diurnal variation: the peak of ATAL intensity occurs from 17:30 to 23:30 local time (LT), when the deep convection becomes strongest; the minimum ATAL intensity occurs around 8:30 LT owing to the weakened deep convection and photochemical reactions in clouds. The aerosol components of the ATAL show different spatiotemporal patterns and imply that black carbon and organic carbon come mainly from India, whereas sulfate comes mainly from China during the prevailing monsoon period.