Fate of azadirachtin A and related azadirachtoids on tomatoes after greenhouse treatment

The degradation of the main azadirachtoids on tomatoes was studied after greenhouse treatment. These experiments were carried out at 1 and 5× the concentration recommended by the manufacturer. In all experiments the deposition of azadirachtin A (AZA-A) was below the maximum residue level (MRL). Even if at the highest dose, AZA-A half-life time calculated as pseudo first order kinetic was 1.2 days in agreement with the recommended preharvest interval (PHI) of 3 days. Experiments with a model system showed that sunlight photodegradation is the main factor influencing the rate of disappearance of AZA-A after greenhouse treatment while tomato epicuticular waxes doubled the photodegradation rate of AZA-A in a commercial formulation.     

Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area

Abstract: The links between species–environment relations and species’ responses to protection are unclear, but the objectives of marine protected areas (MPAs) are most likely to be achieved when those relations are known and inform MPA design. The components of a species’ habitat vary with the spatial resolution of the area considered. We characterized areas at two resolutions: 250 m² (transect) and approximately 30,000 m² (seascape). We considered three categories of environmental variables: substrate type, bottom complexity, and depth. We sought to determine at which resolution habitat characteristics were a better predictor of abundance and species composition of fishes and whether the relations with environmental variables at either resolution affected species’ responses to protection. Habitat features accounted for a larger proportion of spatial variation in species composition and abundances than differences in protection status. This spatial variation was explained best by habitat characteristics at the seascape level than at the transect level. Species’ responses to protected areas were specific to particular seascape characteristics, primarily depth, and bottom complexity. Our method may be useful for prioritizing marine areas for protection, designing MPAs, and monitoring their effectiveness. It identified areas that provided natural shelter, areas acting as buffer zones, and areas where fish species were most responsive to protection. The identification of such areas is necessary for cost‐effective establishment and monitoring of MPAs.     

蠡河底泥中反硝化复合菌群富集及菌群结构研究

从无锡市滨湖区蠡河底泥中富集培养反硝化复合菌群,研究其在不同富集培养阶段TN、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、NH+4-N和COD动态变化,分析反硝化过程中气体释放总量、释放速率和成分,通过构建全长16S r DNA克隆文库研究其菌落结构.结果表明,反硝化复合菌群富集在阶段4时脱氮效果最佳,仅在9 h内,330 mg·L-1的TN负荷下,TN去除率达90.9%,NO-3-N去除率达100%,中间产物NO-2-N和NH+4-N积累量最少,分别为3.39 mg·L-1和16.64 mg·L-1,COD去除率达85%;释放气体260m L,气体主要成分为N2,同时还有少量的CH4和CO2等.富集培养反硝化复合菌群细菌属于Pseudomonadaceae科和Rhodocyclaceae科,为Proteobacteria门,OUT丰度分别为57.8%和31.6%,Pseudomonadaceae科是优势类群.     

Pd-MnO2 nanoparticles/TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) photo-electrodes photo-catalytic properties and their ability of degrading Rhodamine B under visible light

Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 nanotube arrays(NTAs) photo-electrodes were successfully fabricated via anodization and electro deposition subsequently; the obtained Pd-MnO_2/TiO_2 NTAs photo electrodes were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and characterized accordingly. Moreover, the light harvesting and absorption properties were investigated via ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum(DRS); photo degradation efficiency was investigated via analyzing the photo catalytic degradation of Rhodamine B under visible illumination(xenon light). The performed analyses illustrated that Pd-MnO_2 codoped particles were successfully deposited onto the surface of the TiO_2 nanotube arrays;DRS results showed significant improvement in visible light absorption which was between400 and 700 nm. Finally, the photo catalytic degradation efficiency results of the designated organic pollutant(Rhodamine B) illustrated a superior photocatalytic(PC) efficiency of approximately 95% compared to the bare TiO_2 NTAs, which only exhibited a photo catalytic degradation efficiency of approximately 61%, thus it indicated the significant enhancement of the light absorption properties of fabricated photo electrodes and their yield of UOH radicals.     

阿哈水库叶绿素a时空分布特征及其与藻类、环境因子的关系

为了解阿哈水库叶绿素a(Chl-a)时空分布特征及其与藻类、环境因子的关系,于2012年枯水期至2013年平水期、丰水期对藻类与理化指标进行分层采样.结果表明Chl-a季节变化明显,与藻类生物量季节变化较为一致,而与丰度差别较大,平水期发生甲藻水华,浓度最高(91μg·L~(-1)),枯水期与丰水期相对较低,分别为8μg·L~(-1)与16μg·L~(-1).枯水期与丰水期水体表层Chl-a浓度略高于中、底层,表层光照、溶解氧相对充足,利于藻类生长;平水期表层Chl-a浓度远高于中、底层,易在表层聚集的甲藻水华是主要原因.大坝Chl-a浓度高于库中,这可能是大坝位于金钟河入库口,营养盐高于库中的缘故.相关性分析得出Chl-a与甲藻门呈极显著正相关(R=0.798,P0.01);Chl-a与TP、DO、pH呈极显著正相关(R=0.762,P0.01;R=0.792,P0.01;R=0.658,P0.01),与TN显著正相关(R=0.388,P0.05)与N/P、NO_3~--N显著负相关(R=-0.37,P0.05;R=-0.435,P0.05).逐步回归分析得出DO、TP、N/P为影响阿哈水库Chl-a分布的主要因子.此外热分层以及水温对Chl-a的影响也不容忽视.     

九龙江口滨海湿地生源要素空间分布特征

为了揭示亚热带典型滨海湿地生源要素的空间分布特征及影响因素,选取九龙江口滨海湿地为研究对象,于2009年夏采集表层沉积物及柱状样,利用元素分析仪和流动注射分析仪对主要生源要素碳、氮、磷、硫(C、N、P、S)进行分析.结果表明,九龙江口滨海湿地生源要素含量较高,总碳、总氮、总磷、总硫(TC、TN、TP、TS)的均值分别为(12.64±2.66)、(1.57±0.29)、(0.48±0.06)、(2.61±1.37)g·kg-1,空间分布差异性显著.红树林植被区表层沉积物的TC、TN、TP含量高于米草植被及光滩,高潮位TC、TN、TP含量>中潮位>低潮位,TS在米草植被及中潮位含量较高.柱状样的TC、TN具有相似的垂直变化趋势,均表现为由表层向下逐渐降低,且不同植被间的柱状样TC、TN含量在同一深度上都表现为:红树区>米草区>光滩区;柱状样TP平均值是光滩最低,TS平均值是光滩最高.冗余分析表明,植被类型、pH及潮位是影响表层沉积物生源要素(C、N、P、S)分布最显著的环境因子,解释量分别为24.0%、19.0%和11.6%.     

固载化瓜环的制备及其对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶的吸附性能研究

在微波无极灯下将烯氧基瓜环固载到巯基硅胶(MSG)上,制得固载化瓜环(ACB[6]-SG).通过红外光谱表征固载产物,并研究固载化瓜环对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)的吸附性能.结果表明,SMM在固载化瓜环上的吸附基本在2 min内即可达到平衡;Henry方程和Freundlich方程均能较好地拟合SMM在固载化瓜环和巯基硅胶上的等温吸附曲线,但是SMM在固载化瓜环上的吸附主要是在瓜环中的分配,而SMM在巯基硅胶上的吸附则主要是多分子层的表面吸附作用;SMM在固载化瓜环上的平衡吸附量远大于在巯基硅胶上的平衡吸附量;SMM在两者上的吸附过程是一个放热过程,温度越低吸附效果越好.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

化学铁盐辅助除磷对生物除磷的影响研究

化学辅助除磷有助于污水厂实现磷达标,但其对生物系统存在潜在的影响。针对除磷药剂对生物除磷过程的影响展开研究,选用硫酸亚铁进行化学辅助除磷。药剂形成的化学污泥干扰生物除磷过程且成分复杂,故以磷酸铁、氢氧化铁模拟化学污泥,由钾离子、K/P摩尔比计算出同步除磷中的生物除磷,来探讨化学污泥对聚磷菌释磷/吸磷过程的影响。结果表明,连续投加硫酸亚铁使聚磷菌的释磷量、吸磷量降低;系统中磷酸铁含量0.075 mmol/L时聚磷菌的释磷和吸磷能力提高了约25%,磷酸铁含量0.15 mmol/L时对聚磷菌吸磷有抑制作用;氢氧化铁对聚磷菌释磷、好氧初期吸磷均有抑制作用。生物污泥与化学污泥存在交互作用。     

水中脲类除草剂Chlortoluron氯化产物鉴定、降解途径探究

对不同pH下Chlortoluron氯化后生成的非挥发性中间产物和挥发性产物进行了研究。对Chlortoluron氯化后的非挥发性中间产物的UPLC-ESI-MS鉴定发现了m/z为213、229、263、281、和247的离子,分析表明它们分别是Chlortoluron及其一羟基、一氯羟基、二氯和一氯衍生物。对Chlortoluron氯化后的挥发性产物采用吹扫补集-GC-MS进行分析鉴定发现了三氯甲烷(CF)、二氯硝基甲烷(DCNM)、二氯乙腈(DCAN)、1,1-2-二氯丙酮(1,1-DCP)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)和1,1,1-2-三氯丙酮(1,1,1-TCP)六种消毒副产物。根据本研究中的实验结果分析和推测,在Chlortoluron的氯化过程中,苯环上和脲基链上都经历了羟基化、氧化和取代反应,接着苯环被打破,随后生成了更为有害的副产物,基于此,本文推断了Chlortoluron的氯化降解途径。