Biodegradation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil by Mucor sp. SF06 and Bacillus sp. SB02 co-immobilized on vermiculite

Two indigenous microorganisms, Bacillus sp. SB02 and Mucor sp. SF06, capable of degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were co-immobilized on vermiculite by physical adsorption and used to degrade benzo[a] pyrene （BaP）. The characteristics of BaP degradation by both free and co-immobilized microorganism were then investigated and compared. The removal rate using the immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium was higher than that of the freely mobile mixed consortium. 95.3% of BaP was degraded using the co-immobilized system within 42 d, which was remarkably higher than the removal rate of that by the free strains. The optimal amount of inoculated co-immobilized system for BaP degradation was 2%. The immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed consortium also showed better water stability than the free strains. Kinetics of BaP biodegradation by co-immobilized SF06 and SB02 were also studied. The results demonstrated that BaP degradation could be well described by a zero-order reaction rate equation when the initial BaP concentration was in the range of 10--200 mg/kg. The scanning electronic microscope （SEM） analysis showed that the co-immobilized microstructure was suitable for the growth of SF06 and SB02. The mass transmission process of co-immobilized system in soil is discussed. The results demonstrate the potential for employing the bacterial-fungal mixed consortium, co-immobilized on vermiculite, for in situ bioremediation of BaP.     

Degradation of a Terephthalate-containing Polyester by Thermophilic Actinomycetes and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> Species Derived from Composts

We intended to find thermophilic degraders of terephthalate-containing Biomax^® films. Films in mesh bags were buried in composts (inside temperature: approximately 55–60 °C), resulting in the degradation of them in 2 weeks. Fluorescent microscopy of films recovered from composts showed that microorganisms gradually covered the surface of a film during composting. DGGE analysis of microorganisms on the composted film indicated the presence of Bacillus species as main species (approximately 80% of microbial flora) and actinomycetes (approximately 10–20%) as the second major flora. Isolation of Biomax^®-utilizing bacteria was focused on these two genera: two actinomycetes and one Bacillus species were isolated as pure best degraders from the composted polymer films, which were fragmented into small pieces. All the strains were thermophilic and identified, based on their 16S rDNA analyses. Degradation of polymer films was confirmed by (1) accelerated fragmentation of films in composts, compared with a control (no inoculum) and resultant decrease in molecular weights, (2) growth in a powdered Biomax^® medium, compared with a control without powdered Biomax^®, and (3) production of terephthalate in a powdered Biomax^® medium. In this way, we concluded that these bacteria were useful for degradation of thermostable Biomax^® products.     

集约化养猪废水SBR中17β-雌二醇高效降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从集约化养猪废水生物处理SBR的活性污泥中分离到3株高效降解17β-雌二醇(E2)的菌株,分别命名为ha、chs和hc。研究表明,这3株菌以E2为惟一碳源,在4 d内对初始浓度为1 mg/L E2的降解率为70%～95%。25℃条件下菌ha、chs和hc的一级反应动力学常数分别为0.0086、0.072和0.013。在温度为37℃时,3株菌的降解效率最高,在高浓度的氨氮和碱性pH的条件下,这3株菌均存在降解作用。其中,pH 9.05时,一级动力学常数菌ha降至0.0066,菌chs升至0.076,菌hc降至0.012。同时,在添加C源后,对降解有促进作用,并且C/N比在15∶1时降解效果较好。3株菌的一级反应动力学常数分别升到0.027、0.73和0.021。经16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定为枯草芽孢肝菌(Bacillus subtilis)。     

耐盐性毒死蜱降解混合菌的构建及其降解特性

为明确蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)混合菌株对毒死蜱的降解效果,采用正交实验的方法构建混合菌。以混合菌对毒死蜱的降解率和菌株的生长量为依据,利用单一因素实验考察了不同因素对混合菌降解毒死蜱的影响。结果表明:构建的混合菌中三菌株的体积比为1∶1∶3。在含80 mg/L毒死蜱的反应体系中,最适接菌量为8%(V/V),最适pH为7。在实验浓度下,混合菌对毒死蜱的降解符合一级动力学方程。混合菌对盐分有较高的耐受度,当反应液中氯化钠浓度在20～100 g/L之间时,混合菌对80 mg/L毒死蜱的降解率最高达61%。     

好氧砷还原菌对吸附态砷迁移转化的影响

利用静态和动态土柱实验初步研究了好氧砷还原菌Bacillus sp.SXB在砷迁移转化过程中的作用。结果表明,在静态实验中,菌株SXB可以有效还原吸附在针铁矿上的五价砷;在动态土柱实验中,由于原土中砷是以三价砷形式存在,因此,不论是空白对照还是菌株SXB加入处理,出水中砷均为三价砷;当孔隙体积大于100时,铁的溶出开始增加。菌株SXB的加入,轻微地促进了土壤中砷的释放,而对铁的释放并没有明显影响。     

胶质芽孢杆菌对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd及土壤pH的影响

采用根袋法盆栽试验,研究接种活菌量浓度分别为1×1010 cfu·kg-1 (T1)和2×1010 cfu·kg-1(T2)的胶质芽孢杆菌,对印度芥菜富集土壤Cd、土壤有效态Cd含量及土壤pH的影响.结果表明,以不接种菌液作为对照,处理T1、T2地上部分生物富集系数分别为13.58、16.83,与对照相比分别提高42.95％、77.16％;地下部分生物富集系数分别为4.35、4.83,分别比对照提高24.64％、38.40％;土壤的净化率分别是对照的1.73、2.20倍.对照组土壤有效态Cd含量随着时间的延长而降低,根际和非根际土壤分别降低32.93％和45.54％;但T1和T2处理中,根际、非根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别提高15.15％、31.73％和36.54％、45.28％.收获时,处理T1、T2根际土壤pH降低率分别是对照的1.08、1.10倍.不同浓度胶质芽孢杆菌处理下土壤pH与有效态Cd含量均呈显著负线性关系.综上,胶质芽孢杆菌主要是通过改变土壤pH来影响土壤Cd生物有效性,从而促进超富集植物的修复效果.本研究可为微生物辅助植物修复重金属污染土壤提供一定理论依据和实践指导.     

铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附作用研究

铁铝氧化物是土壤的重要组分之一,其对土壤中有机无机组分的迁移具有重要影响.本文以枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌为研究对象,通过批吸附实验和DLVO理论,探究铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附作用及其作用机制.结果表明,铁铝复合氧化物对细菌的粘附随着平衡浓度的增加而增加,吸附过程可用Langmuir方程拟合.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3717.43和2792.29 mg·g~(-1),铁铝3∶1复合氧化物对枯草芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌的最大吸附量分别为3455.58和2760.33 mg·g~(-1).随着pH值的增大,两种铁铝复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均呈下降趋势.铁铝1∶3复合氧化物对两种细菌的吸附量均大于铁铝3∶1复合氧化物.静电吸引力是铁铝复合氧化物与细菌之间相互作用的主要因素之一.     

细菌絮凝剂与沸石对模拟重金属废水的吸附作用

以含Fe3+、Cd2+的模拟废水为例,利用细菌絮凝剂和沸石两种吸附剂,分析了两种吸附剂单独及联合使用对模拟重金属废水的处理效果。结果表明,在处理高浓度含Fe3+废水时细菌絮凝剂表现出较好的吸附效果,在处理高浓度含Cd2+废水时,沸石处理效果明显,两种吸附剂联合处理废水可弥补各自吸附特性的不足,细菌絮凝剂能促进天然沸石颗粒物沉降。     

3株溶藻细菌溶藻特性的初步研究

对3株溶藻细菌L7、L8和L18溶解水华鱼腥藻(Anabaena flos-aquae FACHB-245)的溶藻方式、溶藻活性代谢产物的溶藻特性进行了研究。3株菌都为间接溶藻,产生具有热稳定性的、对水华鱼腥藻有较强溶藻效果的活性代谢产物。L8的溶藻效果与藻液中投加溶藻活性代谢产物的浓度呈正相关。处于衰减期的L8,其溶藻活性代谢产物的溶藻效果好于对数生长期和稳定期。在不同pH值条件下进行溶藻实验,当pH值为8.5±0.1时,L7溶藻活性代谢产物的去除率达到85.78%;当pH值为10±0.2时,L8和L18溶藻活性代谢产物的去除率分别达到92.84%和78.72%;由7×108cells/mL的L8菌液获得的无菌滤液,当投加量<30%时,对水华鱼腥藻的生长具有促进作用。     

Combination e ect of pH and acetate on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis

The productivity and e ciency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetate influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The e ects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans were studied at various pH 5–8, and acetate concentrations (0–60 mmol/L). A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis was constructed from experimental data and performed. The base hypothesis was as follows: the rates of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis rely on pH and acetate concentration. The results showed that the suitable pH range for cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis (represents e ciency of cellulase) was 2.6–7.5, and 5.3–8.3, respectively. Moreover, acetate in the culture medium had an e ect on cellulase production (KI = 49.50 mmol/L, n = 1.7) less than cellulose hydrolysis (KI = 37.85 mmol/L, n = 2.0). The results indicated that both the pH of suspension and acidogenic products influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in an anaerobic environment. To enhance the cellulose hydrolysis rate, the accumulated acetate concentration should be lower than 25 mmol/L, and pH should be maintained at 7.