生态建筑在我国西部小城镇规划中的应用研究——以安仁镇为例

本文从全球生态环境危机和我国西部小城镇的特征上分析了生态建筑应用的重要性与发展前景，并且从生态建筑设计的手法、布局等方面阐述了其在我国西部小城镇规划中应用的方法，提出了小城镇规划以人为核心，以构建可持续发展的和谐人居环境为其重要目的的观点。     

The dimensions of land use change in rural landscapes: lessons learnt from the GB Countryside Surveys

Rural landscapes are highly dynamic and their change impacts on a number of ecological processes such as the dynamics of biodiversity. Although a substantial amount of research has focused on quantifying these changes and their impact on biodiversity, most studies have focused on single dimensions of land use change. This lack of integration in land use change studies can be explained by the fact that data on the spatial, temporal, and ecological dimensions of land use are seldom available for the same geographical location. In this paper, the benefits of taking into account these three dimensions are illustrated with results derived from the Great Britain Countryside Surveys (CS), a large-scale monitoring programme designed to assess change in the extent and ecological condition of British habitats. The overview of CS results presented in this paper shows that (1) changes in land use composition will translate into a variety of spatial patterns; (2) the temporal stability of land use is often lower than can be expected; and (3) there can be large-scale shifts in the ecological condition of the land use types that form our rural landscapes. The benefits of integrated rural landscape studies are discussed in the context of other national monitoring programmes.     

浙江省及杭州市电磁辐射环境污染源概况

介绍浙江省及省会城市杭州的电磁辐射环境污染源概况。浙江省现有各类污染源９３２４个，总功率４２４２ｋＷ；高压线（缆）５１３条，总长１１６０６ｋｍ；变电站３０４座；无轨电车３条。杭州市有各类污染源４２１０个，总功率２３６６ｋＷ；高压线（缆）８８条，长度１７２６ｋｍ；变电站５５座。分析了各类污染源的发展趋势。     

The relationships of sprawl and ozone air quality in United States' metropolitan areas

This article reports the results of an examination of the relationships between degree of sprawl and improvements in ozone air quality for 52 metropolitan areas in the US. It also examines state political alignment and environmental resources with regard to these two primary objects of investigation. Evidence of a relationship between sprawl and air quality improvement was identified, but the evidence is ambiguous. More research appears warranted to explore the sprawl–air quality improvement relationship. Electronic Publication     

燕山石化公司工业废渣填埋场环境现状分析

在简单介绍工业废渣填埋场工程、运行管理、填埋废物情况的基础上，对渣场及周边环境状况进行分析，并对今后工作提出改进建议。     

Field bioassessments for selecting test systems to evaluate military training lands in tallgrass prairie. Ecosystem health. V

Ecosystem responses to physical or chemical stress may vary from changes in single organisms to alteration of the structure and function of the ecosystem. These responses to stress cannol be predicted exactly. Ecosystems repeatedly exposed to physical and/or chemical stress can be used to study the separate and combined environmental effects of stress. Such studies also allow the development of procedures to select test systems for the analysis of stress in ecosystems. A preliminary field survey of six military training sites at Fort Riley, Kansas, USA, was conducted to identify and verify ecological test systems for evaluating ecosystem responses to physical and/or chemical stress. Comparisons of these data with data collected concurrently from Konza Prairie Research Natural Area reference sites showed that soil microarthropods, some species of macroarthropods, small mammals, and native earthworm species were negatively affected by stress. In contrast, plant species diversity, plant foliage biomass, soil mycorrhizae, and many soil characteristics were within the boundaries of nominal variations observed on “pristine” Konza Prairie. Introduced European earthworms appeared to be positively affected by training activities. This study provided a test of systematic procedures to support impact analysis, ecological toxicology, and ecosystem risk assessments. This is paper IX in D. J. Schaeffer's “Environmental Audit” series.     

Evaluation of Early Life Stage Fall Chinook Salmon Exposed to Hexavalent Chromium from a Contaminated Groundwater Source

We conducted a laboratory evaluation to assess the risk to early life stage (i.e., eyed egg to swim up) fall Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) for exposure to hexavalent chromium from a contaminated groundwater source. Local populations of fall Chinook salmon were exposed to Hanford Site source groundwater that was diluted with Columbia River water. Specific endpoints included survival, development rate, and growth. Tissue burdens of fish were also measured to estimate uptake and elimination rates of chromium. Survival, development, and growth of early life stage fall Chinook salmon were not adversely affected by extended exposures (i.e., 98 day) to hexavalent chromium ranging from 0.79 to 260 μg/l. Survival for all treatment levels and controls exceeded 98% at termination of the test. In addition, there were no differences among the mean lengths and weights of fish among all treatment groups. Whole-body concentrations of chromium in early life stage fall Chinook salmon had a typical dose-response pattern; i.e., those subjected to highest exposure concentrations and longest exposure intervals had higher tissue concentrations. Given the spatial extent of chromium concentrations at the Hanford Site, and the dynamics of the groundwater–river water interface, the current cleanup criterion of 10 μg/l chromium appear adequate to protect early life stage fall Chinook salmon. These findings, together with previous research indicate low risk to these populations.     

绿色壁垒的法律分析

面对我国国际贸易深受国外绿色壁垒影响的现状,我国应以国际规则坚决抵制贸易保护主义,制定绿色产品及其包装发展鼓励条例,并不断完善环境管理和绿色保障法律制度。     

Migratory orientation of red-eyed vireos,Vireo olivaceus,in relation to energetic condition and ecological context

How and when migrants integrate directional information from different sources may depend not only on the bird’s internal state, including fat stores, but also on the ecological context during passage. We designed experiments to (1) examine the influence of stored fat on the decision to migrate and on the choice of migratory direction and (2) investigate how the integration of orientation cue information is tied to energetic status in relation to migration across an ecological barrier. Migratory orientation of red-eyed vireos (Vireo olivaceus) at twilight was recorded using two different techniques, orientation cage experiments and free-flight release tests, during both fall and spring migration. During fall migration, the amount of stored fat proved decisive for directional selections of the vireos. Fat birds chose directions in accordance with migration across the Gulf of Mexico. Lean birds oriented either parallel to the coast line (cage tests) or moved inland (free-flight releases). Whereas only fat birds showed significant responses to experimental deflections of the geomagnetic field, lean birds displayed a tendency to shift their activity in the expected direction, making it difficult to evaluate the prediction that use of the magnetic compass is context dependent. Fat loads also had a significant effect on the decision to migrate, i.e., fat individuals were more likely to embark on migration than were lean birds (true for both cage and release experiments). During spring migration, a majority of experimental subjects were classified as lean, following their arrival after crossing the Gulf of Mexico, and oriented in seasonally appropriate directions. The vireos also showed significant responses to experimental deflections of the geomagnetic field regardless of their energetic status. Free-flight release experiments during spring migration revealed a significant difference in mean directions between clear sky and overcast tests. The difference may indicate a compensatory response to wind drift or possibly a need for celestial cues to calibrate the magnetic compass. Finally, this is the first demonstration of magnetic compass orientation in a North American vireo. Received: 15 December 1995/Accepted after revision: 24 March 1996     

绿色化学设计过程的定量化方法

通过对环境优先污染物的优化选择策略的研究，设计一种新的评价方法将化学物质对环境的影响定量化。具体先设计一个环境因子，尽量全面考虑到化学物质对环境的各种影响。用人力资本法对其进行经济评价，使最终通过化学物质的环境因子可得到定量化的经济影响。